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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) to multicarbon (C\n                    <jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) upgrading for commodity chemicals, fuel production, or artificial food synthesis using renewable energy input is a golden target for researchers in sustainable carbon emission reduction. Here, we explore and analyze a flexible modular roadmap for the task, utilizing sequential electro-, photo-, and organocatalysis to develop a strategy for CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    conversion using the key and elusive formaldehyde precursor of interest for sugar generation. We study the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction to methanol in a flow cell and its discontinuous photooxidation to formaldehyde (PMOR) with excellent selectivity. Utilizing a highly active\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N-<\/jats:italic>\n                    heterocyclic carbene catalyst enables tunable generation of C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2013C\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    aldoses without undesirable byproducts, with carbon conversion yield reaching 60 to 80% for desired pentose, tetrose, and triose product mixtures and over 20% for hexose. This approach presents a roadmap for CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    valorization, aiming to bridge carbon waste streams with sustainable sugar synthesis and opening broad avenues for green chemical production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2514826122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T17:46:55Z","timestamp":1756230415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multistep catalytic abiotic CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    conversion to sugars through C\n                    <sub>1<\/sub>\n                    intermediates"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Nathan","family":"Soland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of California 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