{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:13:43Z","timestamp":1793387623269,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"52","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["CCF-1918628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-1918628"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020365","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21IPA2113462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21IPA2113462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Vaccination against livestock diseases is an effective method to prevent and control the spread of pathogens and reduce antimicrobial consumption and livestock production losses. Systematic data on global vaccination coverage could unlock opportunities to expand these outcomes. In this study, we estimate annual vaccination coverage and disease incidence for 104 cattle, porcine, and poultry diseases in 203 reporting countries and territories between 2005 and 2025 using data from the World Animal Health Information System, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and published literature. We provide 686,559 data points and further evaluate 11 diseases most widely targeted by vaccination programs in 2025. The vaccination coverage for global populations at risk of these diseases in 2025 is as follows: for cattle, 16.64% (95% CI: 16.63 to 16.66) against foot and mouth disease, 33.80% (33.43 to 34.38) against lumpy skin disease, 7.46% (6.71 to 8.81) against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 11.57% (10.29 to 13.36) against anthrax, and 7.93% (6.27 to 14.09) against rabies. For pigs, 6.56% (6.56 to 6.57) against classical swine fever, 4.96% (3.28 to 8.76) against anthrax, and 8.08% (5.10 to 17.20) against rabies. For poultry, 17.62% (17.37 to 18.04) against Newcastle disease, 16.71% (16.42 to 19.01) against infectious bronchitis, 9.17% (8.59 to 13.67) against infectious laryngotracheitis, 15.04% (14.63 to 18.63) against infectious bursal disease, and 8.81% (7.94 to 11.97) against Marek\u2019s disease. Expanding vaccination efforts in India and Argentina for cattle; China and Russia for pigs; and China, Brazil, and Iran for poultry may yield the greatest reductions in global livestock disease burden.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2515557122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T20:00:56Z","timestamp":1766433656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Global vaccination coverage and disease incidence in cattle, pigs, and poultry"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2646-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alec","family":"Gleason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton 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T.","family":"Grenfell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University","place":["Princeton"]},{"name":"Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University","place":["Princeton"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8216-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon A.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University","place":["Princeton"]},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University","place":["Princeton"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Van Boeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Trust","place":["Washington"]},{"name":"One Health Institute, University of Z\u00fcrich","place":["Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology Lab, 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