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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sudan lies at the crossroads of Africa and the Middle East, with rich cultural, linguistic, and ecological diversity shaped by a complex demographic history. We present a whole-genome sequencing (WGS) study of Sudanese populations, analyzing high-coverage genomes (~30\u00d7) from 125 individuals representing five ethnolinguistic groups across three language families. Our results reveal deep population structure, involving Nilo-Saharan, West Eurasian, Northern African, and Western African ancestral components, as well as signatures of the Arab expansion. We report over one million novel variants, including population-specific deleterious alleles, highlighting the need for broader African genomic representation. Notably, local ancestry inference reveals a strong signal of adaptive admixture on chromosome 1 in Sudanese Copts, marked by a peak of Nilo-Saharan ancestry introduced via genetic admixture 1,000 to 1,500 y ago. At this locus, we estimate a remarkably strong selection coefficient (s = 0.0996) for SNP rs2814778 within the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ACKR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, which is responsible for the Duffy-null blood group that provides resistance to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    malaria. These findings reveal Sudan as a genomic mosaic shaped by ancient and recent migrations and provide clear evidence of admixture-driven adaptation in an understudied region of Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2516263123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T17:04:05Z","timestamp":1767719045000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sudan\u2019s complex genetic admixture history drives adaptation to malaria in Sudanese Copts"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9027-304X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Vil\u00e0-Valls","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4614-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Garcia-Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5402-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Prado-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2848-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida M.","family":"Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G.","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn","place":["Bonn, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5075-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Comas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisham Y.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banoon Assisted Reproductive Technology and Cytogenetics Centre, Military Hospital, Royal Medical Services","place":["Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Sudan, A Country Study","author":"Federal Research Division","year":"2015","unstructured":"Federal Research Division, \u201cLibrary of congress\u201d in Sudan, A Country Study, L. 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Y. Hassan M. G. Netea Data from \u201cWhole-Genome Sequences from five human populations of Sudan.\u201d European Genome-phenome Archive. https:\/\/ega-archive.org\/datasets\/EGAD00001015636. 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