{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:38:23Z","timestamp":1793108303391,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gemeinschaft deutscher Kryobanken","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB 1483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOR 5534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOR 5534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Erlangen","award":["J111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J111"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Erlangen","award":["P166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P166"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Erlangen","award":["E37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E37"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryopreserving the adult brain is challenging due to damage from ice formation, and traditional freezing methods fail to maintain neural architecture and function. Vitrification offers a promising alternative but has not been surveyed in the brain. Here, we demonstrate short-term recovery of the adult murine hippocampus after vitrification of brain slices and of the whole brain in situ. Key features of the hippocampus are preserved, including structural integrity, metabolic responsiveness, neuronal excitability, and synaptic transmission and plasticity. Notably, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) was well preserved, indicating that the cellular machinery of learning and memory remains operational. These findings extend known biophysical limits for cerebral hypothermic shutdown by demonstrating recovery after complete cessation of molecular mobility in the vitreous state and thus contribute to achieving the objective of structural and functional preservation of neural tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2516848123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T19:03:21Z","timestamp":1772564601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Functional recovery of the adult murine hippocampus after cryopreservation by vitrification"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8708-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"German","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9502-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Ya\u011f\u0131z","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Munich (TUM) School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Fl\u00fcgel-Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6216-3768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezgi","family":"Erterek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Frischknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1815-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Fejtova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0630-9204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3910-5072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Alzheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5699-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","place":["Erlangen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"An Old Fairy Tale: The Sleeping Beauty","author":"Planch\u00e9 J. R.","year":"1868","unstructured":"J. R. Planch\u00e9, R. Doyle, E. Dalziel, G. Dalziel, C. Perrault, An Old Fairy Tale: The Sleeping Beauty (George Routledge and Sons, London; New York, 1868)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"L\u2019homme \u00e0 l\u2019oreille cass\u00e9e","author":"About E.","year":"1862","unstructured":"E. About, L\u2019homme \u00e0 l\u2019oreille cass\u00e9e (L. Hachette et cie, Paris, 1862)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000063450.73967.40"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3169"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","volume-title":"The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique","author":"Russell W.","year":"1959","unstructured":"W. Russell, R. Burch, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (UFAW Publications, Hertfordshire, 1959)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01356-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05793"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/org.5.3.9974"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe3005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-03064-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38824-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2024.104893"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-00976-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2015-102715"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-025-09584-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","first-page":"171","article-title":"Growth of nerve tissue after freezing in liquid nitrogen","volume":"7","author":"Luyet B.","year":"1953","unstructured":"B. Luyet, F. Gonzales, Growth of nerve tissue after freezing in liquid nitrogen. Biodynamica 7, 171\u2013174 (1953).","journal-title":"Biodynamica"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(90)90137-H"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(87)90014-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(03)00186-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1196472"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.04.064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2015.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2003.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/212268a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90263-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1957.0071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2024.100777"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"324","article-title":"Electrophysiological activity of the brain of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis L. after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (\u2212196\u00b0C)","volume":"8","author":"Ivlicheva N. A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"N. A. Ivlicheva, I. A. Chistopolskiy, L. I. Kramarova, E. N. Gakhova, Electrophysiological activity of the brain of the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis L. after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (\u2212196\u00b0C). Biochemistry (Mosc.) Suppl. Ser. A, Membr. Cell Biol. 8, 324\u2013333 (2014).","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc.) Suppl. Ser. A, Membr. Cell Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2005.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(84)90079-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2009.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108784368.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2051284a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","unstructured":"B. J. Luyet M. P. Gehenio \u201cLife and death at low temperatures\u201d in Biodynamica (1940)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/313573a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2004.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2024.104973"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2008.12.3929"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2012.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(90)90038-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10409239009090612"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2024.104977"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/286511a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69867-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-48002-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90619-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040543"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-021-00448-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359020010094"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23824"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00454-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00027.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110599"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Human Cryopreservation Procedures","author":"de Wolf A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"A. de Wolf, C. Platt, \u201cCryoprotection\u201d in Human Cryopreservation Procedures (Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Scottsdale, AZ, 2019), pp. 1\u201354."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","volume-title":"Cryopreservation of Patient A-1097","author":"de Wolf A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"A. de Wolf, C. de Wolf, Cryopreservation of Patient A-1097 (Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Scottsdale, Arizona, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.20478"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020798806704"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2009.01760.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18115-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1401698"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2007.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1297.104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2023-109237"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2516848123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:53:12Z","timestamp":1793105592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2516848123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2516848123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2516848123","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.01.22.634384","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2516848123"}}