{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:53:54Z","timestamp":1792785234002,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"51","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Young Revitalization Talent Support Program \u201cYoung Talent\u201d Project","award":["XDYC-QNRC-2022-0480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDYC-QNRC-2022-0480"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007471","name":"\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5385 | Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202301AT070332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AT070332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Herbivorous insects have evolved many fascinating adaptations to overcome the chemical defenses of their host plants. This study employed targeted and untargeted metabolomics, coupled with isotope labeling, to shed light on the metabolism of salicinoids\u2014potent antiherbivore phenolic defenses present in the Salicaceae family\u2014in the poplar-specialized leaf beetle,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chrysomela tremulae<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. tremulae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was found to produce a range of metabolites from salicortin and utilize the essential amino acid tryptophan and its breakdown products, namely kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and 4-hydroxyquinoline, to form novel conjugates with the salicinoid metabolite saligenin, which are then excreted in the feces of the beetles. Saligenin and its conjugates are not toxic to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. tremulae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and similar metabolic pathways were found in other poplar herbivores. Experimental analyses of the gut microbiota revealed that there is no microbial contribution to the formation of tryptophan metabolite\u2013saligenin conjugates. The production of such substances by insect herbivores may be a critical adaptation that enables specialists to survive on a diet high in salicinoid defense compounds. Therefore, identifying the underlying detoxification mechanisms creates opportunities to develop targeted anti-insect agents for protecting salicaceous trees.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2518096122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T20:01:02Z","timestamp":1765828862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Leaf beetles employ tryptophan to detoxify the chemical defenses of poplar trees"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3100-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingrong","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology","place":["Jena, Germany"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6691-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Reichelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1286-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Patricia","family":"Ba\u00f1os-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology","place":["Jena, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Rothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7085-4891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Feistel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9450-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Kaltenpoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1812-1551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gershenzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology","place":["Jena, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sybille B.","family":"Unsicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology","place":["Jena, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Plant-Environment-Interactions, Institute of Botany, Kiel University","place":["Kiel, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NP00019A"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052690"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2021.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-018-2999-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-070921-103617"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.00842"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136890"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.206"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113374"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031577"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13561"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Defense versus growth trade-offs: Insights from glucosinolates and their catabolites","volume":"46","author":"Malhotra B.","year":"2022","unstructured":"B. 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