{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:15:17Z","timestamp":1792084517118,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22375224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22375224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1206900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1206900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Transplantation-free neuron regeneration remains attractive yet unsolved for reversing Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Here, we present enzyme-driven mesoporous gold nanomotors (Apyrase@Au) that leverage endogenous biochemical energy for spatiotemporally controlled promotion of neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation, without exogenous stem cell transplantation. By catalyzing endogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis, Apyrase@Au nanomotors simultaneously generate directional propulsion and localized signaling messenger protons. These protons induce calcium influx and activate quiescent NSCs within the ventricular-subventricular zone of PD mice, directing their differentiation into functional neurons and alleviating moving dysfunction. The bioenergy-converting system imparts dual functionality to active matter, propelling while concurrently yielding bioactive products. This work demonstrates the potential of ATP-powered nanomachines as a self-sustaining and targeted biointerface, offering a promising strategy for promoting NSC differentiation and alleviating moving dysfunction in degenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2520119123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T18:07:16Z","timestamp":1774462036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Endogenous ATP\u2013powered nanomotors directing neural stem cell differentiation for Parkinson\u2019s disease treatment"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5832-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0828-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghui","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dailing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2605-0172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingfeng","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20411"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.184"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2196"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0507-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0257-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5309.66"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg8467"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201902464"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201706100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c07753"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00025-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01245A"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aam6431"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10726-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b03358"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202209747"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c11749"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b09726"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04708"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002629"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2820"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn9130"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/ab330a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.258"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00928361"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6846"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1520023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00342"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c03575"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.212"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2016.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4160(97)90016-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","first-page":"387","article-title":"Dendritic organization in the neurons of the visual and motor cortices of the cat","volume":"87","author":"Sholl D. A.","year":"1953","unstructured":"D. A. Sholl, Dendritic organization in the neurons of the visual and motor cortices of the cat. J. Anat. 87, 387\u2013406 (1953).","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23682-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20538"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202423207"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00670-0"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2520119123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T18:07:47Z","timestamp":1774462067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2520119123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2520119123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2520119123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2520119123"}}