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This allows us to distribute knowledge necessary for survival and to coordinate large groups. Our hominin ancestors harnessed the surfaces of mobile artifacts and cave walls as information carriers since the Paleolithic time period. Theories abound as to the meaning and function of these Paleolithic signs. However, very little is known about their basic, measurable properties. We here analyze a corpus of more than 200 mobile objects of a 43,000 to 34,000 y old Aurignacian culture\u2014associated with the first modern humans to settle in Central Europe. These objects are adorned with several thousand geometric signs. We apply classification algorithms and statistical models to capture their quantitative properties. First, our analyses illustrate that these sign sequences are clearly distinguishable from modern day writing. Second, however, their statistical properties are comparable to sign sequences on the earliest protocuneiform tablets. Third, Paleolithic signs were systematically applied to yield higher information density on certain types of objects, e.g. ivory figurines compared to tools. These results cannot be taken to strictly prove that Aurignacian sign sequences encoded numero-ideographic information as in the case of protocuneiform. However, they prove that the first hunter-gatherers arriving in Europe already applied sign sequences of comparable complexity in a deliberate, systematic, and conventional manner\u2014several ten thousand years before the advent of genuine writing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2520385123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T20:00:36Z","timestamp":1771876836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Humans 40,000 y ago developed a system of conventional signs"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6570-9326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Bentz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Language Science and Technology","place":["Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"]},{"name":"Saarland University","place":["Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"]},{"name":"Faculty of Humanities and Cultural Studies","place":["Passau, Germany"]},{"name":"University of Passau","place":["Passau, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Dutkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stone Age Department, Museum f\u00fcr Vor- und Fr\u00fchgeschichte","place":["Berlin, Germany"]},{"name":"Staatliche Museen zu Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13962"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01487-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0518"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-00704-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2259-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06923-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016062117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj9496"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277444"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","volume-title":"Les manifestations graphiques Aurignaciennes sur support rocheux des environs des Exzies (Dordogne), Gallia Pr\u00e9histoire","author":"Delluc B.","year":"1978","unstructured":"B. Delluc, G. Delluc, Les manifestations graphiques Aurignaciennes sur support rocheux des environs des Exzies (Dordogne), Gallia Pr\u00e9histoire (\u00c9ditions du CNRS, Paris, 1978), vol. 21."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","volume-title":"Les origines du graphisme symbolique. Essai d\u2019analyse des \u00e9critures primitives en Pr\u00e9histoire","author":"Chollot-Varagnac M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"M. Chollot-Varagnac, Les origines du graphisme symbolique. Essai d\u2019analyse des \u00e9critures primitives en Pr\u00e9histoire (\u00c9ditions de la Fondation Singer-Polignac, Paris, 1980)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2016.09.063"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","unstructured":"E. Dutkiewicz N. Conard \u201cThe symbolic language of the Swabian Aurignacian as reflected in the material culture from Vogelherd Cave (South-West Germany)\u201d in L\u2019art au quotidien. Objets orn\u00e9es du Pal\u00e9olithique sup\u00e9rieur. Actes du colloque international Les Eyzies-de-Tayac 16-20 juin 2014 J. Cleyet-Merlye J. Geneste E. Man-Estier Eds. (SAMRA 2014) pp. 149\u2013164."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","volume-title":"Zeichen: Markierungen, Muster und Symbole im Schw\u00e4bischen Aurignacien","author":"Dutkiewicz E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"E. Dutkiewicz, Zeichen: Markierungen, Muster und Symbole im Schw\u00e4bischen Aurignacien (Kerns Verlag, T\u00fcbingen, 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","volume-title":"Le Pal\u00e9olithique sup\u00e9rieur ancien en Belgique","author":"Otte M.","year":"1979","unstructured":"M. Otte, Le Pal\u00e9olithique sup\u00e9rieur ancien en Belgique (Mus\u00e9es Royaux d\u2019art et d\u2019histoire, Brussels, 1979)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"M. Lejeune \u201cLe Trou Magrite et l\u2019art mobilier Aurignacien en Belgique: Synth\u00e8se et problems. 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