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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The corpus luteum (CL) arises from the luteinization of granulosa cells (GCs) and theca cells, marked by rapid progesterone elevation and angiogenesis. Intriguingly, angiogenesis lags behind progesterone elevation, creating an avascular phase during which luteal cells must fuel intensive steroidogenesis without perfusion. How the avascular CL meets this energetic demand remains a mystery. Here, we reveal a cellular adaptive mechanism\u2014granulosa cell energy storage (GCES)\u2014that resolves this enigma. We demonstrate that upon luteinization initiation, GCs enter a metabolically quiescent state yet enhance glucose uptake, converting the glucose into glycogen. Catabolism of this glycogen reserve supplies the energy required for the avascular CL, ensuring normal luteogenesis. Disruption of GCES induces luteal insufficiency, whereas timely glucose administration enhances GCES, improving luteal function and optimizing reproductive outcome in both mouse and ovine models. In human study, oral intake of glucose post-hCG significantly augments GCES and enhances progesterone production. These results advance our understanding of luteinization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2523789123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:41:20Z","timestamp":1782927680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Granulosa cell glycogen fuels the avascular corpus luteum"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Jianning","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/023b72294","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, PR 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A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"S. A. Pangas, A. Rajkovic, Chapter 21\u2014Follicular development: Mouse, sheep, and human models. 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J. A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"H. J. A. Carp, Progestogens in luteal support. Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. I 42, 143\u2013148 (2020).","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. I"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00921-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. He J. Liao Follicular mural granulosa cells stockpile glycogen to fuel corpus luteum pre-vascularization. Gene Expression Omnibus. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE297300. 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