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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Estimating the number of insect species on Earth is a daunting challenge. The current consensus estimate\u2014about six million species\u2014is likely far too low, as we will show. Our estimate of the global number of insect species rests on a sample of more than 1,600,000 DNA-barcoded insect specimens representing 53,945 species from 15 \u201ccore\u201d Malaise traps deployed in dry forest, cloud forest, and rainforest ecosystems of the \u00c1rea de Conservaci\u00f3n Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. Even this massive sample fails to reveal the full extent of ACG insect species richness. To estimate total ACG insect richness, we adjust the observed count of insect species by an \u201cundersampling ratio,\u201d computed for a hyperdiverse subfamily of parasitoid wasps (Braconidae: Microgastrinae). The ratio compares microgastrine richness from the core Malaise traps to a lower-bound estimate of true microgastrine richness\u2014including undetected species\u2014based on 21,669 specimens from three sources: the 15 core Malaise traps, 15 \u201cperipheral\u201d Malaise traps spanning all three ecosystems, and 11,373 DNA-barcoded specimens reared from some 1,500 species of microgastrine-parasitized caterpillars (Lepidoptera). To estimate global insect richness, we apply Earth\/ACG ratios for tree species and several animal taxa to upscale our estimate of ACG insect richness (nearly 333,000 species). Adopting conservative assumptions, we reach an estimate of 14 to 20 million insect species on Earth, depending on the upscaling group\u2014two to three times the current consensus estimates. 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