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Such a phenomenon was mediated by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CvBV_22-9<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a testis-enriched\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">protein tyrosine phosphatase<\/jats:italic>\n                    (PTP) encoded by Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV), a domesticated virus endogenized in the wasp. Similarly, a homolog of CvBV_22-9, encoded by the Microplitis manilae bracovirus, is involved in testis castration by inducing apoptosis in parasitized fall armyworm,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Mechanistically, CvBV_22-9 binds to a cell cycle checkpoint protein, Rad9A, but does not alter its tyrosine phosphorylation level. Crucially, CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rad9A<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes embryonic lethality and severe testis defects. Validation in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    shows that testis-specific expression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CvBV_22-9<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rad9A<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockdown induces apoptosis, while combined targeting synergistically enhances this effect, suggesting a conserved function of both proteins in insects. Our study uncovers a regulatory mechanism where a parasitoid wasp deploys a domesticated viral PTP that functions as a pseudophosphatase to induce Rad9A-mediated apoptosis and disrupt host testis development and spermatogenesis. This mechanism highlights a sophisticated strategy of host exploitation by parasitoid wasps, providing insights for the biocontrol of lepidopteran pests.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2524949123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T20:01:13Z","timestamp":1770667273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Parasitic castration by a viral protein tyrosine phosphatase targeting the host cell cycle checkpoint protein Rad9A"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Hongshuai","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, State Key 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