{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T22:40:36Z","timestamp":1784068836051,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS117848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS117848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS133390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS133390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS138661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS138661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS142543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS142543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37NS095733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37NS095733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007316","name":"HHS | NIH | NCI | Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA270785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA270785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bergmann glia (BG) are a specialized glial population essential for cerebellar development, yet their developmental timeline and molecular identity in the human cerebellum remain poorly understood. Here, we combined detailed histopathological analysis with spatial transcriptomics and single-nucleus RNA sequencing to generate a developmental atlas of human cerebellar BG. Histology revealed that BG emerge around 11 postconception weeks (PCW), initially serving as a scaffold for Purkinje cells (PCs) migrating into the PC layer of the cerebellar cortex. Following the establishment of a multilayered PC arrangement, BG form a distinct parallel layer separated from the PCs by the lamina dissecans (LD), with both layers merging in the third trimester. This developmental sequence challenges earlier studies that suggested BG appear late in the third trimester. Comparative histology in mice, ferrets, and marmosets indicates that this trilaminar organization, including the LD, is likely unique to humans. Integration of spatial and single-nucleus transcriptomic datasets identified an\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ASCL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">PTF1A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ventricular zone progenitor cluster giving rise to BG, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Pseudotime analyses delineated three gliogenic lineages and revealed two temporally and transcriptionally distinct BG populations, emerging at 11\u201312PCW and 17PCW, suggesting multiphasic BG ontogeny. Together, these multimodal data link cellular lineage, spatial organization, and molecular identity of human cerebellar glia, providing a framework for future studies on the role of BG in cerebellar function and their potential contributions to vulnerability in neurodevelopmental disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2525673123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:28:47Z","timestamp":1770744527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spatiotemporal histogenesis of the developing human cerebellum reveals dynamic layering of Bergmann glia"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9786-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanyi","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Norcliffe Foundation Center for Integrative Brain Research","place":["Seattle"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9556-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Norcliffe Foundation Center for Integrative Brain Research","place":["Seattle"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3600-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Norcliffe Foundation Center for Integrative Brain Research","place":["Seattle"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7785-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sri","family":"Yellampally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Norcliffe Foundation Center for Integrative Brain Research","place":["Seattle"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6134-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders W.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children","place":["Toronto, Canada"]},{"name":"Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children","place":["Toronto, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas & Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez","place":["Sant Joan d\u2019Alacant, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8656-9019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferechte","family":"Encha-Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Necker-Enfants Malades","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5517-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberley A.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute","place":["San Antonio"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1016-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Haberler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences & Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3183-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Amberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences & Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7833-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Borrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas & Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez","place":["Sant Joan d\u2019Alacant, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Northcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital","place":["Memphis"]},{"name":"Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital","place":["Memphis"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children","place":["Toronto, Canada"]},{"name":"Texas Children\u2019s Cancer and Hematology Center","place":["Houston"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics-Hematology\/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine","place":["Houston"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine","place":["Houston"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Houston"]},{"name":"Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine","place":["Houston"]},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9978-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen J.","family":"Millen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Norcliffe Foundation Center for Integrative Brain Research","place":["Seattle"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington","place":["Seattle"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2865-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parthiv","family":"Haldipur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, 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Suyama Lineage analysis and molecular characterization of bergmann glia-like progenitors in the postnatal mouse cerebellum using in vivo electroporation and spatial transcriptomics. bioRxiv [Preprint] (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.05.20.655231 (Accessed 22 May 2025).","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.20.655231"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06884-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf1226"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba7721"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03775-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07234-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add7046"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj1598"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4772-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Cerrato A single-cell transcriptomic atlas maps cerebellar astrocyte diversity and uncovers the transcriptional code underlying their maturation trajectories. bioRxiv [Preprint] (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.07.17.665323 (Accessed 22 July 2025).","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.17.665323"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax7526"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05215-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05208-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809338067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4621"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201593701"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0479-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023449"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1506-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01767-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0969-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","unstructured":"G. He Spatiotemporal histogenesis of the developing human cerebellum reveals dynamic layering of Bergmann glia. Zenodo. https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/18167058. Deposited 6 January 2026."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2525673123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:29:08Z","timestamp":1770744548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2525673123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2525673123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2525673123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2525673123"}}