{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:06:21Z","timestamp":1781103981459,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1249166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1249166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Some primates are immune to infection by most African trypanosome parasites due to apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1), a primate-specific ion channel-forming protein. Our long-term objective has been to reduce African trypanosomiasis in livestock by genetic bioengineering of cattle with primate\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To select which primate\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we analyzed\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Papio ssp.<\/jats:italic>\n                    APOL1 proteins and found that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Papio hamadryas APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    was a strong candidate for transgenic animal production based on its trypanosome-killing capacity, ion channel properties, and stability. We generated seven transgenic murine lines based on the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. hamadryas APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequence and used these mice to investigate the level of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression required for trypanosome immunity in vivo. We challenged the murine lines with three human and four livestock trypanosome isolates.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. hamadryas APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    provided protection against all of the human and three of the livestock trypanosome isolates, though not against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    despite the logical hypothesis that APOL1 plays a role in primate immunity to that parasite. Occasionally, lower\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in heterozygote mice selected for the emergence of APOL1 resistant parasites in several trypanosome spp. Alarmingly, these resistant parasites were also resistant to high levels of APOL1 in homozygous mice, indicating an increase in virulence. A more-highly expressed chimeric\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    transgene encoding\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Homo sapiens APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    with the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. hamadryas APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    C-terminus was more effectively protective in heterozygote mice; however, we could not produce homozygous mice, suggesting endogenous toxicity to the mice. Together, these data bear relevance to our long-term objective to generate transgenic APOL1 cattle, the feasibility of which is discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2525773123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:19:52Z","timestamp":1774631992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Germline-targeted baboon apolipoprotein L-1 protects mice against African trypanosomes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8642-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Fresard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, The Graduate Center at the City University of New York","place":["New York City"]},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College at the City University of New York","place":["New York 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Pharmaceuticals","place":["Tarrytown"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5665-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, The Graduate Center at the City University of New York","place":["New York City"]},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College at the City University of New York","place":["New York City"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4585-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weigang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Program, The Graduate Center at the City University of New York","place":["New York City"]},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College at the City University of New York","place":["New York 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