{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:48:58Z","timestamp":1781106538724,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20H05619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H05619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Granular materials densify under repeated mechanical perturbations, nonequilibrium dynamics that underlies many natural and industrial processes. Because granular relaxation is governed by frictional contacts and energy dissipation, this aging behavior fundamentally differs from that of thermal glasses despite their apparent similarities. Here, we uncover how friction controls the compaction dynamics of granular packings subjected to quasistatic cyclic shear. Using discrete element simulations, we construct a dynamic state diagram as a function of strain amplitude and friction, revealing a rich interplay among jamming marginality, stabilization, and fluidization. We identify a friction-dependent crossover strain that separates aging and fluidized regimes, showing reentrant, nonmonotonic behavior: Increasing friction first suppresses fluidization but then promotes it through smooth, creep-like rearrangements. This transition is marked by a shift from intermittent, avalanche-like rearrangements to continuous, diffusive motion. Our findings demonstrate that friction exerts a dual role in granular aging\u2014both stabilizing and fluidizing\u2014thereby uncovering the fundamental nonequilibrium mechanisms that govern compaction, rheology, and aging in athermal disordered systems. More broadly, our results reveal a general principle for how friction governs metastability and flow in athermal matter\u2014from granular and frictional colloids to soils and seismic faults\u2014linking microscopic contact mechanics to macroscopic dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2528600123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T17:44:56Z","timestamp":1769535896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Friction-controlled reentrant aging and fluidization in granular materials"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9477-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]},{"name":"The University of Tokyo","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7405-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Kob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Charles Coulomb","place":["Montpellier, France"]},{"name":"University of Montpellier and CNRS","place":["Montpellier, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4444-1890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajime","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]},{"name":"The University of Tokyo","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Fundamental Engineering","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]},{"name":"Institute of Industrial Science","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]},{"name":"The University of Tokyo","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.90.015006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai8830"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.90.045006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.82.789"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0137111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.95.265701"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys572"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.158002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.018002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48176-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"031025","article-title":"Roles of energy dissipation in a liquid-solid transition of out-of-equilibrium systems","volume":"5","author":"Komatsu Y.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Y. 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