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To comprehensively assess therapeutic effects, we conducted behavioral tests, neural probe-based brain signal analysis, dendritic spine density measurements, and blood and inguinal lymph node profiling in depression model mice. VNS increased plasma serotonin levels and increased dendritic spine density, indicating improved neuroplasticity. Corticosterone-induced depressive mice exhibited elevated CD4+ and B220+ cells, which normalized with VNS. 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