{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:53:28Z","timestamp":1781106808000,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014717","name":"National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32322005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32322005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSF of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32270197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Infections by Gram-negative pathogens like\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    rely on type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors. While the opportunistic pathogen\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chromobacterium violaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                    encodes a crucial T3SS (Cpi-1\/-1a), its full effector repertoire remains undefined. Here, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C.v.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Cpi-1\/-1a T3SS secretome. Our analysis not only confirmed known effectors but also unveiled CteX, an effector with no prior functional annotation. Structural determination revealed that CteX adopts a papain-like fold, and functional studies demonstrated that it acts as a cysteine protease that specifically cleaves the focal adhesion adapter protein Paxillin\u03b1. This proteolytic activity triggers the collapse of focal adhesions and actin cytoskeleton. CteX-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling limits excessive invasion of epithelial cells by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. violaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which could otherwise lead to widespread cell death and premature bacterial exposure. Further, animal infection models confirm that CteX is essential for the virulence and sustained colonization of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. violaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Thus, we identify CteX as a T3SS effector that orchestrates bacterial persistence through the unexpected proteolytic targeting of host focal adhesions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2530673123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:16:01Z","timestamp":1775578561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogen hijacks focal adhesion signaling by a T3SS effector CteX"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7774-4214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Shiyan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Homeostatic Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Homeostatic Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8168-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1534-7632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Shiyan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1120-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songying","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis and Interventions of Fujian Province University, the Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8646-3193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Shiyan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Homeostatic Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2015.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2022.102131"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3877"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2592"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/sgtp.28209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100814-125227"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2011.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1832124100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00957-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01137-23","article-title":"Salmonella 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Hamblin, R. Schade, R. Narasimhan, D. M. Monack, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi uses two type 3 secretion systems to replicate in human macrophages and colonize humanized mice. mBio 14, e0113723 (2023).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07248.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Modulation of host cell processes by T3SS effectors","volume":"416","author":"Shenoy A. R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. R. Shenoy, R. C. D. Furniss, P. J. Goddard, A. Clements, Modulation of host cell processes by T3SS effectors. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 416, 73\u2013115 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. 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Li X. Pan Crystal Structure of Chromobacterium violaceum virulence Protein CteX. Protein Data Bank. https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/structure\/9WAU. Deposited 12 August 2025."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2530673123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:16:15Z","timestamp":1775578575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2530673123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2530673123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2530673123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2530673123"}}