{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:33:06Z","timestamp":1792153986413,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008658","name":"Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    APOBEC2 is a well-conserved member of the AID\/APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases. Most members of the family catalyze the conversion of cytosine to uracil either in DNA or RNA, thereby acting as DNA mutators and\/or RNA editors. APOBEC2 is the only family member that appears to be catalytically inactive. Instead, its ability to bind, but not deaminate DNA, has been co-opted into a transcription-factor-like functionality. APOBEC2 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, where it functions to promote and maintain muscle identity by suppressing nonmuscle genes. APOBEC2 is also expressed in several cell types within the hematopoietic lineage. Here, we show that loss of APOBEC2 disrupts proper lymphoid lineage differentiation, resulting in the emergence of lymphoid cells expressing both TCRs and BCRs, as well as additional markers that define a mixed T and B cell identity in both mice with a depletion in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Apobec2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene and humans with mutations in it. We further show that these T\/B cells present dual functionality. Finally, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with APOBEC2 deficiency that led to disruption of cell fate determination. Overall, our results establish APOBEC2 as a terminal repressor of B cell fates within the T cell lineage, whose loss results in disease outcomes in mice and humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2531122123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T18:11:32Z","timestamp":1780683092000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["APOBEC2 deficiency disrupts hematopoietic lineage commitment, resulting in emergence of dual identity lymphocytes in mice and humans"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7405-9756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Moris Amro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04cdgtt98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center","place":["Heidelberg, 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M. Amro C. Gkougkousis I. Tellioglu F. N. Papavasiliou Unraveling the Impact of Apobec2 gene on cell identity specification: WT and Apobec2 KO Mus musculus [C57BL\/6J] - raw RNA-seq reads. NLM. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject?term=PRJNA1193500. Deposited 12 March 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","unstructured":"E. M. Amro C. Gkougkousis I. Tellioglu F. N. Papavasiliou Unraveling the impact of Apobec2 gene on cell identity specification: WT and Apobec2 KO Mus musculus [C57BL\/6J] - raw scRNA-seq reads. NLM. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject?term=PRJNA1187346. Deposited 18 November 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","unstructured":"E. M. Amro C. Gkougkousis I. Tellioglu F. N. Papavasiliou Unraveling the Impact of Apobec2 gene on cell identity specification: WT and Apobec2 KO Mus musculus [C57BL\/6J] - raw ATAC-seq. NLM. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject?term=PRJNA1187471. Deposited 18 November 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","unstructured":"E. M. Amro C. Gkougkousis I. Tellioglu F. N. Papavasiliou transcriptional changes in human samples from patients with APOBEC2 deficiency: Healthy and Apobec2 deficient individuals - raw RNA-seq reads. NLM. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject?term=PRJNA1193856. Deposited 4 December 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","unstructured":"E. M. Amro C. Gkougkousis J. G. Seebass C. D. Imbusch F. N. Papavasiliou APOBEC2 safeguards T-cell fate integrity during lymphoid differentiation: GEX VDJ scRNA-seq of murine lymphoid cells from spleen. ENA. https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/ena\/browser\/view\/PRJEB103940. Deposited 7 January 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","unstructured":"E. M. Amro C. Gkougkousis J. G. Seebass C. D. Imbusch F. N. Papavasiliou APOBEC2 Safeguards T-Cell Fate Integrity during lymphoid differentiation: GEX VDJ scRNA-seq of murine lymphoid cells from thymus. ENA. https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/ena\/browser\/view\/PRJEB109736. Deposited 1 August 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","unstructured":"E. M. Amro C. 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