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We find that lysogenized\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , via spontaneous lytic induction and phage release, kill and displace nonlysogenized bacteria on chitin surfaces. After lysogens become common, however, they can no longer displace remaining nonlysogenized cells. Using a combination of modeling approaches and microscopy experiments, we show that the lysogens\u2019 capacity to displace nonlysogens depends on the ability of phages released by spontaneous induction to reach susceptible nonlysogens. Phage access to nonlysogenized bacterial hosts declines once lysogens become common, and this occurs due to the spatial constraints inherent to biofilm growth as well as to superinfection immunity, which neutralizes phage particles adsorbed to lysogens. Once lysogens comprise the majority of the host population, they can be selected against, because they still incur the cost of spontaneous induction without gaining the benefit of killing nonlysogen cells via phage release. The cost of lytic induction, phage-mediated killing of nonlysogens, and constraints on phage mobility within host bacterial biofilms together yield population dynamics that are consistent with negative frequency-dependent selection for lysogenized cells under physiologically realistic growth conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2531341123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:55:17Z","timestamp":1789494917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temperate phages limit their own propagation under spatial constraint in biofilms on chitin"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6406-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth","place":["Hanover"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth","place":["Hanover"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7860-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob D.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth","place":["Hanover"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth","place":["Hanover"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7614-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Triana N.","family":"Dalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University","place":["Bloomington"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth","place":["Hanover"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2203-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankur B.","family":"Dalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University","place":["Bloomington"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1751-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carey D.","family":"Nadell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth","place":["Hanover"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth","place":["Hanover"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/br.17.4.269-337.1953"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","article-title":"Sur un microbe invisible antagoniste des bacilles dysent\u00e9riques","author":"d\u2019Herelle M.","year":"1961","unstructured":"M. d\u2019Herelle, Sur un microbe invisible antagoniste des bacilles dysent\u00e9riques. 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