{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:47:38Z","timestamp":1781110058534,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EDUNC-33-18-279-V12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDUNC-33-18-279-V12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"PMO | National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AISG3-RP-2022-028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AISG3-RP-2022-028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"PMO | National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOET32024-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOET32024-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nanophotonics relies on precise nanoscale structuring, yet conventional fabrication techniques remain complex and costly. Layered van der Waals (vdW) materials, with their intrinsic anisotropy and high refractive indices, offer a promising route toward simplified nanostructuring and tunable optical functionality. However, no vdW material has previously been shown to exhibit a strong photorefractive effect\u2014a key requirement for light-based modulation. Here, we report a giant photorefractive response (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    up to 0.3) in crystalline arsenic trisulfide (As\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), observed at low optical intensities. In addition to refractive-index modulation, light exposure enables controlled thickness tuning of As\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The material exhibits a giant photoexpansion of up to 7%, depending on the illumination intensity, which may originate from light-induced generation of point defects, consistent with molecular-dynamics modeling. Building on this photoexpansion effect, we introduce a maskless nanopatterning technique based on continuous-wave laser writing, achieving ~500 nm pitch (~50,000 dpi) without the need for ultrafast lasers. The combination of high photosensitivity, anisotropy, ease of exfoliation and transfer, and optical transparency positions vdW As\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    as a practical platform for integrated photonics, adaptive optics, reconfigurable photonic elements, and dense optical encoding.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2531552123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:19:52Z","timestamp":1774631992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Giant photorefractive and photoexpansion effects in a van der Waals semiconductor"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton A.","family":"Minnekhanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging 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