{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:37:23Z","timestamp":1792589843298,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"28","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2018-04989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-04989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPAS-477166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPAS-477166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RPIN-05394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPIN-05394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Government of Canada&s New Frontiers in Research Fund","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TQT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TQT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003452","name":"Innovation and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We report an entoptic phenomenon in which the classical two-lobed Boehm\u2019s brushes are transformed into a multilobed structure by projecting spin\u2013orbit-coupled light onto the human retina. These structured beams, composed of nonseparable superpositions of circular polarization and orbital angular momentum, produce azimuthally modulated entoptic patterns through polarization-dependent scattering in the retina. Unlike Haidinger\u2019s brushes, which arise from dichroic absorption in the macula, the observed effect is driven by angular variations in scattering strength relative to the local polarization direction. In regions where scattering centers exhibit polarization orientations that converge toward a common point, their combined contributions reinforce one another, producing brighter and more sharply defined entoptic lobes whose number and orientation vary systematically with the topology of the spin\u2013orbit stimulus. Psychophysical measurements across retinal eccentricities from 0.5\n                    <jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 4\n                    <jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup>\n                    in eleven participants revealed that contrast detection thresholds decreased exponentially with eccentricity, consistent with polarization-sensitive scattering by isotropic structures in the nonfoveal retinal regions. From the psychophysical fits, the mean eccentricity at which the entoptic pattern reached a 50% threshold was\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mn>50<\/mml:mn>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                          <mml:mo>.<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mn>03<\/mml:mn>\n                            <mml:mo>\u00b0<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    with a 95% CI of [0.72, 1.34]\n                    <jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup>\n                    , indicating that the spin\u2013orbit-induced entoptic structure becomes perceptually robust at approximately 1\n                    <jats:sup>\u00b0<\/jats:sup>\n                    retinal eccentricity and that perception improves with increasing retinal eccentricity. Together, these findings demonstrate that spin\u2013orbit light modulates scattering-based visual phenomena in previously unrecognized ways, enabling approaches for probing retinal structure and visual processing using topological features of light.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2532243123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:57:37Z","timestamp":1783619857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Topological expansion of Boehm\u2019s brushes via structured light"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4594-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry A.","family":"Pushin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01aff2v68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo","place":["Waterloo, 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