{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:18:02Z","timestamp":1785406682045,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024YFC3406900 2023YFE0112400 2022YFA1207100 and 2023YFF0721500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3406900 2023YFE0112400 2022YFA1207100 and 2023YFF0721500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Cast","award":["2023QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNRC001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","award":["L254083 L246030 4242060 and 2242018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L254083 L246030 4242060 and 2242018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Optical tweezers (OT), a cornerstone of micromanipulation, are fundamentally constrained by substrate-induced adhesion and friction, limiting their application to mesoscale objects and fragile biological specimens where overcoming these resistive forces requires physiologically damaging laser powers. Here, we overcome this long-standing challenge by introducing dielectric levitation optical tweezers (DL-OT), a multiphysics platform that seamlessly integrates alternating-current dielectric levitation with optical traps. By using negative dielectrophoresis (n-DEP) to actively neutralize the normal force, DL-OT eliminates solid\n                    <jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>\n                    solid contact and near-wall viscous drag. Crucially, we demonstrate the fundamental superiority of this active physical levitation over traditional passive antiadhesion coatings. This physical decoupling enables the smooth translation of large biological samples using low, biologically safe optical powers (~15 mW) rather than nonviable levels (&gt;150 mW). The creation of this frictionless environment not only boosts the maximum manipulation speed of standard microtargets by 40% but also enables the stable optical transport of previously intractable mesoscale objects (100 to 260 \u03bcm), including microgears and shrimp eggs. By preventing photothermal damage and mechanical deformation, DL-OT demonstrates very good biocompatibility, significantly enhancing cell viability postmanipulation. Building upon these advantages, we demonstrate advanced on-chip biofabrication protocols through the targeted, high-precision assembly of multicellular spheroids and the safe transport of patient-derived organoids, followed by their success in situ culture. By transforming OT from a microscale tool into a mesoscale assembly platform, DL-OT paves the way for breakthroughs in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and the bottom\n                    <jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>\n                    up assembly of living systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2533103123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:17:56Z","timestamp":1784045876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dielectric levitation optical tweezers for powerful mesoscale biomanipulation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6199-4100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haobing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Mechatronics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongxin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-opto-electronic Microsystems (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04t3en479","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","place":["Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4160-3214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongliang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Advanced Light Field Display, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menglei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Mechatronics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034t30j35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shutong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0220qvk04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Natural Sciences and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory in Scientific and Engineering Computing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8904-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-opto-electronic Microsystems (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangfu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-opto-electronic Microsystems (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Advanced Light Field Display, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Kayja-Optics Technology Co. Ltd.","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0866-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Kayja-Optics Technology Co. Ltd.","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. P.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0220qvk04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Natural Sciences and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory in Scientific and Engineering Computing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huikai","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-opto-electronic Microsystems (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Advanced Light Field Display, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4183-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhugen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cncd958","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University","place":["Cranfield, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9658-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiafang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Advanced Light Field Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2358-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vtgdb53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1004-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuailong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-opto-electronic Microsystems (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Advanced Light Field Display, School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.24.156"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.11.000288"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1563"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202412895"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0223354"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0123268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01326-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01617-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00852-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.029679"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-020-0215-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.020604"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.74"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201501446"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601705103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b02415"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00713-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00536"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0086855"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00021-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202400097"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001284"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202109764"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201700031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA03536K"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37448-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43433-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27709-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05842-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10080507"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0134-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40865-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh1101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-023-01649-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c03810"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202405895"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01459-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi9932"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0222-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007949"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw2459"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3553"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.3c00759"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202309143"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja403172p"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25582-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1411"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3103\/S0891416819040050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202408353"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.3042650"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702916104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13092283"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2009.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0002327"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.001959"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Slow viscous motion of a sphere parallel to a plane wall. I. Motion through a quiescent fluid","volume":"22","author":"Goldman A. J.","year":"1967","unstructured":"A. J. Goldman, R. G. Cox, H. Brenner, Slow viscous motion of a sphere parallel to a plane wall. I. Motion through a quiescent fluid. Chem. Eng. Sci. 22, 67 (1967).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"A slow motion of viscous liquid caused by a slowly moving solid sphere\u2014An Addendum","volume":"14","author":"Oneill M. E.","year":"1967","unstructured":"M. E. Oneill, A slow motion of viscous liquid caused by a slowly moving solid sphere\u2014An Addendum. Mathematika 14, 67\u201374 (1967).","journal-title":"Mathematika"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201600482"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.238001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0232-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c20989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202501697"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202417742"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","unstructured":"H. Liu Study-data-and-codes-in-DL-OT. GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/Liu-Haobing\/Study-data-and-codes-in-DL-OT.git. Deposited 27 June 2026."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2533103123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:18:12Z","timestamp":1784045892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2533103123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"29","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2533103123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2533103123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2533103123"}}