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This evolutionary pathway is mechanistically linked to the co-option of existing cell types and gene networks, including the osteogenic program initiated by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">runx2b<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the critical tendon microenvironment maintained by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mkxa\/b<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Furthermore, we provide evidence of repeated IB loss events associated with alterations or losses of these key osteogenic and tendon niche-regulating genes, highlighting the variability of this adaptive trajectory. Our findings reveal a distinct tendon-associated osteogenic system in teleosts, providing a mechanistic framework for IB evolution during teleost adaptive radiation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2533268123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:25:03Z","timestamp":1790180703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Co-option of a tendon-associated osteogenic program drives the evolutionary plasticity of intermuscular bones in teleosts"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuemei","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ckt8b96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Genetics and Breeding of Aquatic Animals, College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, 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