{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:40:59Z","timestamp":1793814059597,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANR","award":["ANR-19-CE46-0008-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE46-0008-03"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon 2020","award":["H2020-874850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-874850"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101045989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101045989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101095619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101095619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Telefonica, Chile and FONDECYT","award":["1221315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1221315"]}]},{"name":"FONIS","award":["SA24I0124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SA24I0124"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Toirno","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are essential for controlling infectious diseases during prevaccine periods, yet their success hinges on sustained population behavioral responses to restrictions. This study investigates how mobility responses to tiered restriction systems evolved over time during COVID-19 in six geographical regions across Europe, North America, Africa, and South America. Using daily mobility data and linear-mixed models, we characterized three temporal dimensions shaping these responses: cumulative exposure to restrictions, time spent under a given tier, and repeated reintroduction of the same tier. Time spent under a given tier caused the most rapid attenuation of mobility reduction, producing effects within days that cumulative exposure, required months of restrictions to achieve. Iterative application of shorter NPIs, interspersed with temporary relaxation, was associated with a restoration of mobility responses when restrictions were reintroduced, mitigating attenuation and sometimes even strengthening responses. These patterns are consistent with mechanisms discussed under the umbrella of pandemic fatigue, whereby temporary relaxation may provide psychological relief and a sense of regained autonomy that can renew public willingness to respond to restrictions when reintroduced, while remaining compatible with behavioral adjustment and structural constraints. However, they are also compatible with alternative explanations, including behavioral adaptation, structural constraints on mobility, or evolving interpretations of restrictions. These findings emphasize the dual benefits of short, strategic NPIs for epidemic control and public resilience, offering actionable insights for designing more sustainable pandemic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2533284123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T19:33:41Z","timestamp":1780342421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Resetting population mobility responses under repeated nonpharmaceutical interventions: Implications for hypothesized pandemic fatigue"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Albano","family":"Rikani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qqh1125","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Di Domenico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k7v4d05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern","place":["Bern, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara E.","family":"Sabbatini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qqh1125","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universidad del Desarrollo","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5899-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Ferres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universidad del Desarrollo","place":["Santiago, Chile"]},{"name":"Telef\u00f3nica","place":["Santiago, Chile"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te2x188","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8020-4975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Raude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015m7wh34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"\u00c9cole des hautes \u00e9tudes en sant\u00e9 publique, CNRS, Inserm, Ar\u00e8nes\u2013UMR 6051, Recherche sur les Services et Management en Sante\u2013U 1309, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes","place":["Rennes, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2113-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittoria","family":"Colizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qqh1125","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2021.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71074-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616438114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2405-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01009-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03095-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9338"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00046-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Chen D. Igan N. Pierri A. Presbitero Tracking the Economic Impact of COVID-19 and Mitigation Policies in Europe and the United States. IMF Working Papers (2020) vol. 20.","DOI":"10.5089\/9781513549644.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007658117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-02571-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-021-00057-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30785-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24832-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23989-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","unstructured":"WHO Western Pacific Region Avian Influenza weekly update. (2024). https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/wpro---documents\/emergency\/surveillance\/avian-influenza\/ai_20241025.pdf. Accessed 9 January 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-024-01041-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009911117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2311584120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021359118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01181-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2213313119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe Pandemic Fatigue\u2013Reinvigorating the Public to Prevent COVID-19. Policy Framework for Supporting Pandemic Prevention and Man-Agement (2020). https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/335820\/WHO-EURO-2020-1160-40906-55390-eng.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. Accessed 9 January 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68341"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.15.2100272"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","unstructured":"LLC Google Google COVID-19 community mobility reports. (2020). https:\/\/www.google.com\/covid19\/mobility\/&Google. Accessed 24 May 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00284-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190625979.013.251"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42063-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68557-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2021.100526"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12654-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2021.1890637"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13632-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22601-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043577"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01279-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.828584"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-021-00270-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88309-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2022.842180"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.211667"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221479120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000955","article-title":"Effective pandemic policy design through feedback does not need accurate predictions","volume":"3","author":"Heusden K.","year":"2023","unstructured":"K. Heusden, G. E. Stewart, S. P. Otto, G. A. Dumont, Effective pandemic policy design through feedback does not need accurate predictions. PLoS Glob. Public Health 3, e0000955 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj0113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01893-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75318-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-022-01467-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","unstructured":"EPIcx-lab COVID-19. GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/EPIcx-lab\/COVID-19\/tree\/master\/Mobility_response_NPIs. Accessed 20 February 2026."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2533284123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T19:33:49Z","timestamp":1780342429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2533284123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2533284123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2533284123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2533284123"}}