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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacteriophages (phages) are well known to be one of the major driving forces in bacterial evolution. This also applies to virulent microorganisms, such as the major human pathogen\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whose pathogenic potential and epidemic proliferation largely depends on the interaction with environmental phages. Specifically, integration of the CTX\u03d5 phage genome into the first chromosome of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    also introduced the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ctxAB<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, encoding the primary toxin responsible for the severe acute diarrheal disease, cholera. Whereas the mechanisms underlying CTX\u03d5-associated horizontal gene transfer and transcriptional control of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ctxAB<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes have been intensively studied over the past years, posttranscriptional regulation affecting the CTX\u03d5 life cycle has not been documented. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the CisR small RNA (sRNA) that is produced from the 3\u2019UTR (untranslated region) of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">prtV<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene and inhibits the expression of the CTX\u03d5-encoded\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cep<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA. CisR-mediated repression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cep<\/jats:italic>\n                    involves Hfq-assisted base-pairing of the two transcripts and results in reduced CTX\u03d5 production under stress conditions. We further demonstrate that transcription of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">prtV-cisR<\/jats:italic>\n                    requires both the master quorum-sensing regulator HapR and CRP (cAMP receptor protein), a global regulator of carbon metabolism. Taken together, our work provides evidence that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    employs sRNA-mediated posttranscriptional gene regulation to coordinate CTX\u03d5 activation with both cell density and nutrient availability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535142123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T16:20:03Z","timestamp":1780417203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A 3\u2019UTR-derived small RNA modulates the life cycle of the cholera toxin\u2013encoding filamentous phage, 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