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Using fruit\u2013frugivore trait matching to extrapolate this pattern to the rest of the Caribbean, we found that large-fruited plant species are effectively \u201corphaned\u201d due to the absence of animal dispersers, resulting in elevated rates of endangerment across islands. Threat status of plant species was better explained by trait matching than other pressures such as human use, suggesting that extinction or reduced abundance of large-bodied frugivores is compromising their plant mutualists\u2019 ability to persist. These results argue strongly for the need to restore populations of large-bodied frugivores across the Caribbean, either through population enhancement of currently endangered species or rewilding with close relatives of extinct species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535192123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T18:11:09Z","timestamp":1779819069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Elevated threat status of large-fruited plants is associated with the extinction of large frugivores in the Caribbean islands"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7136-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio L.","family":"Tarazona-Tubens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Miami","place":["Coral Gables"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seokmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Miami","place":["Coral Gables"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alcides L.","family":"Morales-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ax7q288","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Fideicomiso de Conservaci\u00f3n de Puerto Rico, Para La Naturaleza","place":["San Juan, Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4211-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor M.","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Miami","place":["Coral Gables"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian G. 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