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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The phylogenetic relationships of early catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes) are contentious, particularly regarding pliopithecoids, which are considered a clade of Miocene stem catarrhines more derived than most of their Oligocene counterparts. However, their debated affinities and the uncertain phylogenetic relationships of the Oligocene catarrhine\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Saadanius<\/jats:italic>\n                    leave their systematic position unresolved. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Saadanius<\/jats:italic>\n                    displays a mosaic morphology, coupling primitive craniodental traits with a fully ossified ectotympanic (as opposed to the annular\/incompletely ossified ear tube of stem catarrhines and early stem hominoids), a characteristic customarily considered as a shared-derived trait of crown catarrhines. To clarify the early evolutionary history of catarrhines, we analyzed the semicircular canal and vestibule morphology of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Saadanius<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the pliopithecoid\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pliobates<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the stem cercopithecoid\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Victoriapithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the stem hominoid\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ekembo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Using diffeomorphic deformation-based geometric morphometrics on a broad anthropoid sample, we quantified shape variation and inferred ancestral morphotypes. Our results reveal that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Saadanius<\/jats:italic>\n                    retains a primitive, platyrrhine-like inner ear, lacking all crown catarrhine synapomorphies. We also recover similarities between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pliobates<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the other analyzed pliopithecoid (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Epipliopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), as these taxa share some derived traits with crown catarrhine (particularly, in the anterior semicircular canal), while missing most hominoid and cercopithecoid synapomorphies. Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Victoriapithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    displays a derived, cercopithecoid-like morphology indistinguishable from extant Old World monkeys, whereas\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ekembo<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibits unexpected derived, ape-like features. These findings support that pliopithecoids are stem catarrhines more derived than\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Saadanius<\/jats:italic>\n                    and imply that its tubular ectotympanic must have evolved independently from crown catarrhines, thus representing a remarkable instance of homoplasy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535242123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:59:47Z","timestamp":1790269187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early catarrhine evolution in the light of semicircular canal and vestibule shape"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6265-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Urciuoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Paleontology, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052g8jq94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP-CERCA), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c\/ Columnes s\/n","place":["Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"]},{"name":"Division of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25","place":["Frankfurt am Main, Germany"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pmn0e78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, C\u00e1tedra de Otoac\u00fastica Evolutiva y Paleoantropolog\u00eda (HM Hospitales-UAH), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Bouchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052g8jq94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP-CERCA), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c\/ Columnes s\/n","place":["Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5617-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Zanolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/027mnq498","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Univ. 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