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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While the effects of the transition to parenthood are well researched, less is known about how the transition to grandparenthood affects health and labor market outcomes. Using comprehensive Norwegian register data covering the entire population born between 1950 and 1960, we examine the effects of first-born grandchildren born during 2007\u20132018. Employing event-study models with person-year records, we compare grandparents to not-yet grandparents. Our findings reveal a sharp increase in the likelihood of respiratory infections during the first two years of grandparenthood, with infections increasing by 56% for women and 31% for men. Additionally, grandparenthood modestly reduces the likelihood of doctor\u2019s visits related to mental disorders (4.5%) and cardiovascular health (3.3%). Grandmothers also see a decline in musculoskeletal-related visits (3.8%). These health-related changes coincide with notable gendered effects on labor market participation. Ten years after the birth of their first grandchild, employed women are 12% less likely to hold full-time positions compared to a 2% reduction for men. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the transition to grandparenthood significantly reshapes health and economic outcomes for both women and men. The larger effects observed for women likely reflect their greater involvement in informal childcare provision. Our results underscore the intersection of health, family dynamics, and gendered labor market behaviors in late adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535409123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:39:58Z","timestamp":1780076398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The cost of caring: Gendered health and labor market effects of grandparenthood"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0470-0455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lyster","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046nvst19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rannveig Kaldager","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046nvst19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8797-5422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans Fredrik","family":"Sunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046nvst19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil Martin","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jx3x895","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Department of Statistics, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05xg72x27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology","place":["Trondheim, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3984-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fartein Ask","family":"Torvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046nvst19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Promenta Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. 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