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Under these conditions, a CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    input of 31.3 kt\n                    <jats:sub>CO2<\/jats:sub>\n                    y\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    yields 12.9 kt\n                    <jats:sub>product<\/jats:sub>\n                    y\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    containing 813 kg\n                    <jats:sub>folate<\/jats:sub>\n                    y\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 5.6 kt\n                    <jats:sub>protein<\/jats:sub>\n                    y\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (43% of yeast biomass). This production volume meets the full recommended daily allowance (RDA) for folate and 5% of RDA for protein of 5.6 million people when each person consumes 6 g of dried yeast product daily. At a selling price of $20 kg\n                    <jats:sub>product<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , the system\u2019s payback period is 5 y. In a baseline scenario, the minimum selling price (MSP) is $8.41 kg\n                    <jats:sub>product<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , largely driven by electric-power pricing and energy demand of water electrolysis. An ideal scenario simulation reduced the MSP to $4.53 kg\n                    <jats:sub>product<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , combining: 1) lower water purity requirements for electrolysis; 2) higher yeast production rate; 3) lower electric-power pricing; and 4) no CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    procurement costs and lower ammonium costs. In a Power-to-protein system with a biomass product designed to meet full daily protein needs, heat treatment is necessary, which increases the MSP to $14.24 kg\n                    <jats:sub>product<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . At a selling price of $20 kg\n                    <jats:sub>product<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , the payback period is 7 y, exhibiting lower overall profitability than the Power-to-vitamin system. Both modeled systems are economically viable at selling prices competitive with plant-, whey-, algae-, and yeast-derived protein products.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535684123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:07:56Z","timestamp":1786464476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Power-to-Vitamins or Power-to-Protein: An evaluation of the integrated system at an industrial scale from techno-economic perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6903-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa Marie","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03a1kwz48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University 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