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We used fMRI and representational similarity analysis (RSA) to identify shared neural representations of spoken language phonological structure. A group of deaf adult participants (N = 22), with a mixture of sign language and spoken language backgrounds and reading abilities, were presented with single lexical items as visual speech and dynamic text (cursive text, revealed letter-by-letter to promote a phonological reading strategy). Adult hearing participants (N = 25) were presented with the same words, but as visual speech and auditory speech. Shared neural representations of phonological structure of English words were found in each group in the superior and middle temporal cortex (STC\/MTC) and these abstract representations were more similar across different language forms in better readers. Our data provide neurobiological evidence of the contribution of visual speech to abstract phonological representations of spoken language, that relate to reading proficiency, in both deaf and hearing adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535704123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T18:11:09Z","timestamp":1779819069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reading ability in both deaf and hearing adults is linked to neural representations of abstract phonology derived from visual speech"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9667-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jx3x895","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London","place":["London, 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