{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:06:23Z","timestamp":1792713983612,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK112759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK112759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK135717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK135717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is a key regulator of energy homeostasis, linking central neural activity to peripheral metabolic function. Within the VMH, neurons expressing steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1; VMH\n                    <jats:sup>SF1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) are essential for regulating energy expenditure, yet the projection-defined pathways through which they differentially control distinct adipose depots remains unclear. Here, we use projection-specific optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations in SF1-Cre mice to identify two anatomically and functionally distinct VMH\n                    <jats:sup>SF1<\/jats:sup>\n                    output pathways with complementary metabolic roles. Activation of the VMH\n                    <jats:sup>SF1<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2192rostral periaqueductal gray (rPAG) projection selectively stimulates thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, elevating its temperature and thermogenic gene expression, whereas activation of the VMH\n                    <jats:sup>SF1<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2192paraventricular thalamus (PVT) pathway promotes lipolysis in white adipose tissue without engaging thermogenic programs. Both effects require intact innervation and target-region activity. These findings reveal that VMH\n                    <jats:sup>SF1<\/jats:sup>\n                    neurons direct distinct hypothalamic output pathways to differentially regulate thermogenesis and lipid mobilization, delineating a modular neural framework for flexible, state-dependent coordination of energy expenditure and substrate utilization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535878123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T17:47:15Z","timestamp":1779904035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Projection-defined hypothalamic outputs differentially regulate thermogenesis and lipolysis"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1113-9940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeonyoung","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cf8a891","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine","place":["Bronx"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cf8a891","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine","place":["Bronx"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7623-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunlei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cf8a891","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine","place":["Bronx"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cf8a891","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine","place":["Bronx"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cf8a891","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine","place":["Bronx"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cf8a891","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of 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