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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    RR) provides a sustainable approach for both NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    purification and NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    production. Ru-based catalysts hold great promise for NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    RR, but are limited by competing hydrogen evolution reaction, insufficient electrochemical stability, and the sluggish thermodynamics and kinetics of the initial *NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2192 *NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction step. Here, we develop an inside-out strategy by integrating ultrasmall Ru nanoparticles on the outer surface of carbon nanotubes and confined amorphous CuO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanowires inside (CuO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    @CNT\/Ru) to enhance NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    synthesis from NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    RR. This catalyst achieves a leading NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    yield rate of 146.37\u00b13.4 mg h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    mg\n                    <jats:sub>cat<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at \u22120.7 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE), a Faradaic efficiency of 99.1 \u00b1 0.9% at 0 V vs. RHE, and the highest energy efficiency of 43.5 \u00b1 0.9% at 0 V vs. RHE. Moreover, as a Zn\u2212NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    battery cathode, CuO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    @CNT\/Ru delivers a maximum power density of 22.6 mW cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    along with high NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    production efficiency. In situ spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations reveal that Ru species serve as the main active centers, while high-valence CuO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    not only stabilizes and activates Ru sites but also facilitates the conversion of *NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    to *NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and promotes active hydrogen generation from water dissociation, thereby accelerating the hydrogenation kinetics of nitrogen-containing intermediates and reducing the energy barrier of the rate-determining step of *NO to *NOH, ultimately boosting NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    synthesis. This work provides an efficient strategy for modulating active site interactions to promote sustainable nitrate reduction processes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2537982123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:39:43Z","timestamp":1778693983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Inside-out-engineered CuO\n                    <sub>x<\/sub>\n                    \/Ru sites for efficient electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8896-823X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dechao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Science & Technology Innovation 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