{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T19:45:43Z","timestamp":1792439143757,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"44","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthropogenic global change presents a growing threat to insect pollinators. Yet, long-term, continental-scale assessments of their population trends remain limited. Here, we leveraged a curated database of over four million occurrence records, covering 88% of extant bee and hoverfly species in Europe, to assess persistence, richness, and occupancy trends over the past century. Species persistence at the European level was relatively high, with modern records available for 87% of bee and 89% of hoverfly species. Regional richness changes were modest, with declines in the Atlantic and Continental regions for both pollinator groups. Recent increases were observed in the Alpine region for bees, but species richness remained largely stable elsewhere. At the species level, however, a more concerning picture emerged: Most bee species and about half of hoverfly species declined in occupancy. Species traits explained little variation in these trends, although there was a weak tendency for cold-adapted bees to show steeper declines than warm-adapted ones. Genera showing some of the steepest declines include parasitic or dietary specialists, though neither of these traits significantly predicted occupancy trends. Overall, we highlight clear warning signs of species population declines, but with potential recovery opportunities if we take urgent actions to reverse those trends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2600774123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T19:01:56Z","timestamp":1792436516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Historical trends show more declining than increasing species among European pollinators"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7814-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Mart\u00ednez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gfc7t72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones 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Red List of Hoverflies","author":"Vuji\u0107 A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Vuji\u0107 , European Red List of Hoverflies (European Commission, Bryssel, 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","unstructured":"D. Michez Measuring the Pulse of European Biodiversity Using the Red List. 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Benrezkallah A. Sentil D. Michez N. de Manincor Safeguarding-European-wild-pollinators\/SafeguardEuropeanWildBee: Spatial data script analysis. Zenodo (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.16412138."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","unstructured":"EEA Biogeographical regions (2016). https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/en\/datahub\/datahubitem-view\/11db8d14-f167-4cd5-9205-95638dfd9618."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","unstructured":"J. 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Mili\u010di\u0107 EuPollTrait\u2014Trait data for 3 000 European wild bee and hoverfly species. Sci Data. 13 1260 (2026).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-026-07513-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4835"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2023.107759"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ens.12477"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","volume-title":"StN 2020","author":"Speight M. C. D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. C. D. Speight, E. Castella, J. P. Sarthou, StN 2020 (Syrph the Net Publications, Dublin, 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v100.i05"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","unstructured":"F. Duchenne C. Mart\u00ednez N\u00fa\u00f1ez I. Bartomeus [Code] Historical trends show more losers than winners among European pollinators. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17772148. Deposited 30 November 2025."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2600774123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T19:01:59Z","timestamp":1792436519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2600774123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"44","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2600774123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2600774123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2600774123"}}