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Examples include the metabolic\u2013endocrine pathway to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases; the immune-mediated pathway to asthma and allergies; or the neurodevelopmental\u2013psychological pathway to mental health problems. The interconnected trajectories involving microbiome composition, epigenetic signatures, nutrition, and psychological factors in early life can establish a basis for long-term health. While universal vaccination programs are in place to prevent infectious diseases, a coordinated effort to mitigate the rise of NCDs is missing. Examples of how to balance short- and long-term effects in early life include the use of appropriate medications, balanced healthcare interventions, optimized nutrition, and a nurturing care in early life. While these examples will not provide simple answers, they may stimulate important discussions and research into the overarching question: How can we deliver care in early life that achieves optimal short-term outcomes while promoting long-term health trajectories and well-being? While it is imperative to underscore the significance of subsequent periods to circumvent a deterministic conceptualization of a singular period as the primary catalyst for the development of physical and mental health, early life remains an underexploited window of opportunity fostering long-term health and mitigating the growing resource challenges faced by healthcare systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2601943123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:07:15Z","timestamp":1789668435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Promotion of long-term health in early life"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1461-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Stocker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Children\u2019s Hospital of Central 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