{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:52:58Z","timestamp":1792086778405,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021ZD0202300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0202300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31930045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31930045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32470872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32470872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"JST | Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20251255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20251255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The striatum consists of three main spiny projection neuron subtypes, direct-pathway neurons (dSPNs), indirect-pathway neurons (iSPNs), and recently identified eccentric striatal neurons (eSPNs) with these SPNs organized into two complementary compartments, the patch and the matrix. However, the cellular basis underlying subtype specification especially that of eSPNs, and mechanisms governing the complementary patterning remain unclear. Here, employing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) combined with loss-of-function we reveal that eSPNs share more developmental similarities with iSPNs and the transcription factor\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Foxg1<\/jats:italic>\n                    promotes dSPN and iSPN fates but suppresses eSPN fate in ventral region of the lateral ganglionic eminence lineage. Deletion of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Foxg1<\/jats:italic>\n                    in progenitors forces both dSPNs and iSPNs into an eSPN fate. While postmitotic\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Foxg1<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion impairs patch\/matrix identity and leads to SPN aggregation. We identify FOXG1-driven transcriptional programs and key transcription factors that specify each striatal SPN subtype and patch\/matrix identity, and uncover FOXG1 directly regulated cell migration- and cell adhesion-related molecules that control SPN migration. Our findings provide insights into striatal development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2603031123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:37:33Z","timestamp":1792085853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["FOXG1 spatiotemporally orchestrates subtype fate specification and patch\/matrix identity of striatal spiny projection neurons"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1437-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6927-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"name":"School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3775-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feier","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoshen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cve4549","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, International Data Group\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Centre for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7119-987X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034t30j35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanchuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013q1eq08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013q1eq08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Shanghai Academy of Natural Sciences, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7694-6092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunjie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01902-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03037-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj6641"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613337113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00004.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39545-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01819-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0620-21.2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319138111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.948331"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.165456"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-021-00698-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07171-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802109105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2023.102783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.07.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109437"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03208-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35752-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90355-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.024778"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090674"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh3568"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2010.087528"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59838-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90262-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2317783121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60338-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9732"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2024.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071714"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142901"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2986-07.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.158"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.06.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1540989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804918105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112456"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00472.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912315107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24232"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-4-r56"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61932"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00464.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114658"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00624-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1139118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00944-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children8060478"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.09.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.523696"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1399742"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5240-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-01-00167.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","unstructured":"C. Zhao S. Dong L. Sun F. Xiong F. Huang Transcriptomic insights into subtype specification and compartmentalization of striatal spiny projection neurons. NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE312346. Deposited 3 December 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","unstructured":"C. Zhao S. Dong L. Sun FOXG1 orchestrates subtype specification and compartmentalization of striatal spiny projection neurons. NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE337184. Deposited 1 July 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","unstructured":"F. Xiong FOXG1 spatiotemporally orchestrates subtype fate specification and patch\/matrix identity of striatal spiny projection neurons. Zenodo. https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/22008342. Deposited 19 August 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","unstructured":"C. Zhao L. Sun Transcriptomic insights into fate choice of pallial versus subpallial GABAergic neurons (scRNA-Seq). NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE270101. Deposited 17 June 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","unstructured":"C. ZhaoL. SunB. Zhang Transcriptomic insights into fate choice of pallial versus subpallial GABAergic neurons (CUT&Tag). NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE270103. Deposited 17 June 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","unstructured":"C. Zhao L. Sun P. Jiang Transcriptomic insights into fate choice of pallial versus subpallial GABAergic neurons. NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE283968. Deposited 10 December 2024."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2603031123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:38:42Z","timestamp":1792085922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2603031123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"42","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2603031123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2603031123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2603031123"}}