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We find that in comparison to peripheral retina, the human foveal retina shows reduced cell type diversity with markedly unequal densities and distinct patterns of synaptic connectivity. For example, foveal H1 horizontal cells are present at high density relative to H2 cells and receive unexpected synaptic input from S cones, predicting fovea-specific chromatic properties of downstream receptive fields. Retinal ganglion cells could be divided into only 13 types\u2014a contrast to the ~20 types in peripheral retina and the 40+ types recognized in mouse retina\u2014but consistent with recent transcriptomic studies of human fovea. 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