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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The intrinsic link between temperature and leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) complicates isolation of their individual effects on photosynthesis. Consequently, how CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    diffusion changes under heat and high evaporative demand, particularly through mesophyll conductance (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) responses, remains poorly understood. The conditions under which biochemical colimitation occurs, meaning Rubisco carboxylation and RuBP regeneration capacities match, are also unclear. To advance understanding of plant responses to climate change, we separated temperature and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e<\/jats:italic>\n                    effects by holding \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 1 and 2 kPa while varying leaf temperature (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>leaf<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) from 20 to 40 \u00b0C across five CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels (150 to 800 \u03bcmol mol\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) in cotton, sunflower, and dwarf bean. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    responses partly counteract increases in stomatal conductance to CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>sc<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) at high temperatures and declines in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>sc<\/jats:sub>\n                    at elevated \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Coordination between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>sc<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    buffers effects of heat and dryness on CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    diffusion and stabilizes chloroplast-to-ambient CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ratio (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) across measured\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>leaf<\/jats:sub>\n                    and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e<\/jats:italic>\n                    ranges.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    is more conservative with increasing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>leaf<\/jats:sub>\n                    at\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2264 400 \u03bcmol mol\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    than at elevated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Across tested\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>leaf<\/jats:sub>\n                    and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions, the transition from Rubisco carboxylation to RuBP regeneration limitation remains near\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 400 \u03bcmol mol\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , indicating that biochemical colimitation occurs near current atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels. Our findings reveal that plants alleviate diffusional limitations under heat and dryness through coordinated responses of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>sc<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and maintain biochemical colimitation over broad\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>leaf<\/jats:sub>\n                    and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions to efficiently utilize Rubisco carboxylation and RuBP regeneration capacities at near-atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels.\n                  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