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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Terrestrial megafauna (animals &gt;1,000 kg) have substantial impacts on ecosystems while alive; yet, we know little about the impacts of these ecosystem engineers after they die. Like whale carcasses in the ocean, terrestrial megacarcasses may leave ecological legacies via the nutrient pulses they create on the landscape. Here, we investigated the impact of elephant megacarcasses on savanna ecosystems in Kruger National Park, South Africa. To determine how elephant carcasses affect below- and aboveground biodiversity and ecosystem processes, we collected soil and plant samples from 40 carcass sites (pairing \u201con carcass\u201d and \u201coff carcass\u201d samples) ranging from 8 d to 7.7 y postmortem. We found that elephant carcasses released enormous pools of nutrients into savanna soils, increasing ammonium by 31\u00d7, nitrate by 7\u00d7, and phosphorus by 3\u00d7 on average. These extreme ammonium concentrations were negatively correlated with the biodiversity of bacteria and plants, which were both suppressed at elephant carcass sites. Despite these decreases in biodiversity, ecosystem processes were strongly elevated at elephant carcass sites, with soil microbial respiration elevated for 1 to 2 y and herbivore grazing &gt;3\u00d7 higher for 7+ y postmortem. These results demonstrate that elephant megacarcasses generate coldspots of biodiversity but hotspots of ecosystem processes, unveiling a cryptic ecological function of megaherbivores that is extreme in both magnitude and duration relative to carcasses of smaller animals. As humans drive terrestrial megafauna toward extinction, we risk losing not only their ecosystem engineering abilities while they are alive but also the ecological legacies their carcasses create after death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2605332123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:03:19Z","timestamp":1791831799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutrient legacies from elephant megacarcasses create coldspots of biodiversity and hotspots of ecosystem processes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney G.","family":"Reed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t274463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of California","place":["Santa Barbara"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8994-7513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan P.","family":"Lemoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gr4te78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University","place":["Milwaukee"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00aqz1698","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum","place":["Milwaukee"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1655-8266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Budny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gr4te78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University","place":["Milwaukee"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent C.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University","place":["Potchefstroom, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0705-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan T.","family":"du Toit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00h6set76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University","place":["Logan"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03px4ez74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London","place":["London, England, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Helcoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00h6set76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University","place":["Logan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Knoetze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University","place":["Potchefstroom, South Africa"]},{"name":"The Expanded Freshwater and Terrestrial Environmental Observation Network","place":["Kimberley, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3931-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane M.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dhcyx48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies","place":["Millbrook"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Schimel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t274463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California","place":["Santa Barbara"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7923-2290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izak P. 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