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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Male\u2013male courtship, observed across diverse taxa, is often regarded as an evolutionary paradox. Here, we address this paradox by demonstrating that such behavior in the globally invasive pest\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bactrocera dorsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    arises as a byproduct of a context-dependent shift in the mating filter. We identify\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -(3-methylbutyl)acetamide (MBA) as a critical signal that accumulates under high male density and female scarcity. At a threshold amount (~ 1,800 ng), MBA broadens the male\u2019s mating filter, lowering the acceptance threshold for potential partners, thereby elevating courtship motivation and inducing hyperactivity. This broadened filter enables males to court suboptimal but potentially available females (e.g., mated or older individuals) that would otherwise be ignored, while also incidentally triggering male\u2013male courtship. This behavioral shift is rapidly reversible upon encounter with virgin and young females, preserving an innate preference for these optimal partners. By identifying MBA as a chemical signal of mate unavailability, we reinterpret male\u2013male courtship as a neutral byproduct of an adjustment of the mating filter under female scarcity, a trade-off between maximizing mating opportunities and accepting the incidental cost of misdirected courtship. This work bridges behavioral ecology with physiology, offering a mechanistic framework for how social environments dynamically reshape mate acceptance thresholds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2605503123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T16:59:54Z","timestamp":1784221194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>N<\/i>\n                    -(3-methylbutyl)acetamide mediates male\u2013male courtship in\n                    <i>Bactrocera dorsalis<\/i>\n                    through behavioral threshold modulation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05v9jqt67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Pesticide 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