{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:05:52Z","timestamp":1791561952240,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRT-FW-HTF 2345860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRT-FW-HTF 2345860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep-related breathing disorders are prevalent yet frequently underdiagnosed, in part due to limitations of conventional respiratory monitoring technologies. Standard nasal cannulas introduce airflow resistance, discomfort, and poor long-term adherence, constraining at-home and longitudinal assessment. Here, we report a soft, skin-interfaced nasal patch that enables cannula-free, wireless monitoring of respiratory activity during sleep. The device is constructed from ultrathin, elastomeric materials that conform to the nasal surface, coupling respiratory-induced tissue deformation to a strain-sensing element. The mechanics of the skin\u2013device interface and the elastomeric response govern the sensitivity and linearity of signal transduction, enabling quantitative capture of breathing dynamics. An integrated wireless platform transmits deformation signals directly to mobile devices, eliminating the need for external tubing or tethered modules. Modular fabrication permits replacement of the strain sensor and skin-contact interface without compromising mechanical performance. Mechanical characterization under physiologically relevant deformation demonstrates high repeatability and low hysteresis, while in vivo studies confirm that the patch accurately reproduces respiratory waveforms and correlates closely with gold-standard nasal cannula measurements. By integrating soft materials mechanics, wearable strain sensing, and wireless electronics, this system provides a minimally obtrusive platform for continuous respiratory monitoring. The class of technologies presented in this work establishes design principles for skin-interfaced devices, in which elastomeric mechanics, strain transduction, and wireless integration combine to enable quantitative, unobtrusive physiological monitoring in clinical and home environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2605960123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:39:43Z","timestamp":1778693983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Soft, skin-interfaced electronics enable cannula-free wireless monitoring of sleep respiration"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8829-6720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeongjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center at the Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoon","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center at the Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qfph657","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology","place":["Yeongcheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7896-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8703-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center at the Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3528-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong J.","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3390-8979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woon-Hong","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center at the Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]},{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology\u2013Georgia Tech Semiconductor Electronics Center at the Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216396"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1983.tb02156.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21416"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01825.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-023-00513-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECA.2017.8203633"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177518"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185446"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14020090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.4.499"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64032-1.00025-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","unstructured":"L. Lux B. Boehlecke K. N. Lohr Effectiveness of portable monitoring devices for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea: Update of a systematic review. (2015). https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/NBK\/nbk299250. Accessed 1 September 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10096"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2021.3087453"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13101743"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c04616"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229881"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112288"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122579"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224942"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3215072"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0036095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-015-5619-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00084"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803621"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c17369"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6714"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18133119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25247641"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c04043"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","volume-title":"Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues","author":"Fung Y.-C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Y.-C. Fung, Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk6714"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2605960123","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2605960123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:39:50Z","timestamp":1778693990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2605960123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2605960123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2605960123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2605960123"}}