{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:16:58Z","timestamp":1789759018982,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFE0100400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFE0100400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62401135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62401135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22305036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22305036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"DOD | AF | AMC | AFRL | Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-22-1-0423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-22-1-0423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR-2308691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-2308691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"DOD | AF | AMC | AFRL | Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA2386-24-1-4040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA2386-24-1-4040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent","award":["2022ZB85"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZB85"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Metal oxide-based electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) are attractive for low-power biosensors and neuromorphic systems, but their electrical characteristics has been constrained by a fundamental trade-off between channel downscaling and electrical double layer (EDL) capacitance, resulting in limited transconductance and metrics inferior to that of organic counterparts. Here, we report high-performance and ultraflexible indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) EGTs enabled by a vertical device architecture and a nanoscale channel length. We systematically examined how device geometries\u2014including the IGZO-electrode contact area, IGZO thickness, and semiconductor-electrode interface\u2014affect the electrical properties and EDL capacitance, thereby revealing how the vertical structure decouples the channel length from the EDL formation area. Optimized vertical EGTs (vEGTs) exhibit a transconductance of up to 22.5 mS, an on\/off current ratio of ~10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    , ultralow operating voltages below 0.5 V, and pronounced ultraflexibility, maintaining stable performance when bent to a radius of 0.3 mm. Furthermore, vEGTs were integrated into inverter, NOR, and NAND logic circuits operating at voltages as low as 0.1 V. Finally, we demonstrate a closed-loop neuromorphic system in which the slow attenuation of the paired-pulse facilitation index enables adaptive and wireless control of a wearable display in response to a skin-interfaced sensor.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2606103123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:06:16Z","timestamp":1785783976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Highly flexible vertical electrolyte-gated metal oxide transistors for neuromorphic electronics"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University","place":["Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People\u2019s Republic of China"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University","place":["Evanston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4402-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuyang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University","place":["Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University","place":["Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shisheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University","place":["Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University","place":["Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University","place":["Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University","place":["Evanston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tqb8s11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University","place":["Hanjiang, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enbo","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University","place":["Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Forti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University","place":["Evanston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0973-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University","place":["Evanston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Litao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University","place":["Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hyeok","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8771-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobin J.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University","place":["Evanston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Facchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University","place":["Evanston"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zkghx44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9631-6901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binghao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University","place":["Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00065-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00437"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu3576"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202504148","article-title":"160 GHz schottky diodes from solution-processed IGZO","volume":"22","author":"Panagiotidis L.","year":"2025","unstructured":"L. Panagiotidis , 160 GHz schottky diodes from solution-processed IGZO. Small 22, e04148 (2025).","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201202790"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.2c00326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66419-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02498"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b06777"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01797"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202300652"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn4524"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-025-00417-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2587"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111790118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl060166j"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl302163q"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17850-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-023-00950-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42172-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05592-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201700651"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45482-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-024-01127-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202305611"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade0086"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae488"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b10136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01497-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52150-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b03601"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TC02075H"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201902028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202000788"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202013998"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202300306"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2018.2834935"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2016.2536359"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.02.090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.127955"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202305430"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202103275"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c04504"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TC00800G"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/addcb9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c11214"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.02.057"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt5186"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07360-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adz6914"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.74094"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-022-00859-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2414879122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4926\/42\/3\/031101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22680-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202101099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202208055"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.1c01088"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2606103123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:06:36Z","timestamp":1785783996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2606103123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2606103123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2606103123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2606103123"}}