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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Early-life enteric infection disrupts the developing microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain (MGB) axis. Using a neonatal Enteropathogenic\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EPEC) model, we show that intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)1 signaling coordinates neuroimmune outcomes throughout early development and into adulthood. Neonatal mice infected at postnatal day (P)7 exhibited ileal inflammation, with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and monocyte\/macrophage infiltration, and loss of myenteric neurons in wild-type mice but not in NOD1 conditional knockout (Nod1\n                    <jats:sup>\u0394IEC<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) mice. These deficits persisted into adulthood (P56), with increased intestinal permeability, sustained inflammatory\/repair signatures, neuroinflammation, altered neurogenesis, and impaired recognition memory, which were absent in Nod1\n                    <jats:sup>\u0394IEC<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice, establishing a crucial role for IEC NOD1 in long-term MGB remodeling. Last, bioactive peptidoglycan fragments (muropeptides) were isolated from probiotic\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains and tested as possible therapeutics. Excitingly, supplementation of muropeptides attenuated neonatal EPEC-induced mucosal inflammation and enteric neuron loss without altering bacterial burden, potentially via IEC NOD2. Together, these findings identify IEC NOD-dependent signaling linking early-life enteric infection to enduring gut-brain dysfunction and reveal probiotic-derived muropeptides as candidate therapeutics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2606222123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:25:03Z","timestamp":1790180703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neonatal enteric infection disrupts the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis through pattern recognition receptors and altered neuroimmune signaling"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Jungjae","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rrcem69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Weill School of Veterinary Medicine, University of 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