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Yet, we chronologically modeled radiocarbon ages from preserved Holocene atlatls and show that Clovis atlatl use is not supported. If Clovis hunters did not use atlatl technology, then its emergence in the Americas during the early Holocene represents a case of technological convergent evolution analogous to atlatls in Late Pleistocene Europe. A further implication is if Clovis hunters used spears, javelins, or bow technology then models concerning megafaunal hunting need to be rethought given the distinct effectiveness, hunting risk, and tactics associated with these weapons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2607964123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:11:46Z","timestamp":1782760306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Late Pleistocene Clovis atlatl hunting fails a chronological modeling test"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3576-6076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metin I.","family":"Eren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049pfb863","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Anthropology, Kent State University","place":["Kent"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04b8x5a95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cleveland Museum of Natural History","place":["Cleveland"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6084-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Bebber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049pfb863","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Anthropology, Kent State University","place":["Kent"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04b8x5a95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cleveland Museum of Natural History","place":["Cleveland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8643-7726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert S.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ymw8z06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2170-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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