{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:58:11Z","timestamp":1785412691898,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Individuals encounter \u201cclimate doom,\u201d extreme portrayals of climate change, on social media. While climate doom may be intended to motivate action, it may also be perceived as manipulative or elicit hopelessness. Yet, no research has examined whether psychological inoculation helps to improve recognition of climate doom or influences engagement with it on social media. In this preregistered study (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 521), we tested whether inoculation improves discernment of climate doom and influences engagement with it by collecting behavioral data using a social media simulator. We find that inoculation substantially improves discernment of climate doom and that this is due to increased perceived manipulation of doom messaging specifically (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.68). There was no interaction between the inoculation condition and political leaning and while higher perceived manipulation of doom content predicted lower behavioral intentions, inoculation did not moderate this relationship. Inoculation increased engagement, particularly disliking and flagging of doom content, and decreased sharing. Overall, our results should lead climate communicators to reconsider doom messaging as a mobilization strategy and demonstrate that inoculation is an effective tool for increasing recognition of, and critical engagement with, climate doom across the political spectrum.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2609074123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:53:14Z","timestamp":1785261194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychological inoculation against climate doom"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5375-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"O\u2019Boyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Shores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Cambridge ThinkLab, Jesus College, University of Cambridge, Jesus Lane","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0269-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander","family":"van der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2025","author":"Newman N.","year":"2025","unstructured":"N. Newman, A. Ross Arguedas, C. T. Robertson, R. K. Nielsen, R. Fletcher, Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2025 (Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"W. Ejaz M. Mukherjee R. Fletcher Climate Change News Audience Report 2025: Analysis of News Use and Attitudes in Eight Countries (Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"The New Climate War","author":"Mann M. E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. E. Mann, The New Climate War (PublicAffairs, 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Stuart \u201cI have no future\u201d\u2014The critical need to counter climate doomism. Environ. Sociol. 1\u201312 (2025) 10.1080\/23251042.2025.2552388.","DOI":"10.1080\/23251042.2025.2552388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. P. Reser G. L. Bradley \u201cFear appeals in climate change communication\u201d in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science H. von Storch Eds. (Oxford University Press Oxford UK 2017).","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228620.013.386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2018.00063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-021-03219-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-022-03372-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo6254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02153-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-025-00189-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32962-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgaf172"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"R. O\u2019Boyle T. Shores S. van der Linden Psychological inoculation against climate doom. OSF. https:\/\/osf.io\/74cg. Deposited 9 June 2026."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2609074123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T17:54:03Z","timestamp":1785261243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2609074123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2609074123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2609074123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2609074123"}}