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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Magnetotaxis has evolved independently numerous times in bacteria, whereby genetically controlled biomineralization of nano-crystalline magnets results in swimming along Earth\u2019s magnetic field lines. Compared to magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), evolutionary mechanisms of magnetotaxis as a trait in eukaryotes remain poorly understood. Here, we report a magnetotactic ciliate,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Tropidoatractus magnetotacticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. nov., that acquires magnetotaxis via syntrophy.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. magnetotacticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibits magnetotaxis due to the magnetic moment of internal ferrimagnetic magnetite (Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) nanoparticles forming ellipsoidal \u201cnecklace-shaped\u201d parallel chains. Electron microscopy revealed\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. magnetotacticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    hosts numerous internal rod-shaped bacteria containing these magnetosome chains. Consistent with this, a genomic population of MTB (Thermodesulfobacteriota) in magnetically sorted\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. magnetotacticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells was found that encoded and expressed a magnetosome gene cluster responsible for magnetosome Fe\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    biomineralization closely related to that of the ectosymbiont \u201c\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Desulfarcum epimagneticum.\u201d\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. magnetotacticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    also housed a second genomic population affiliated with the endosymbiotic methanogen\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methanoregula<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Metatranscriptomes of sorted\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. magnetotacticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells show eukaryotic hydrogenosomal Fe-hydrogenase gene expression, and expression of genes encoding proteins in an electron transport chain indicative of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -producing mitochondria-related organelles. Active gene expression of energy metabolism pathways indicates a tripartite syntrophic network whereby anaerobic fermentation products from\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. magnetotacticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are consumed by two syntrophic partners: MTB producing the magnetosome chains and hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Our findings show how magnetotaxis can emerge as a trait in eukaryotes via syntrophic cooperation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2609513123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T19:15:07Z","timestamp":1784574907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Magnetotaxis in an anaerobic ciliate via tripartite syntrophy"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6350-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitali","family":"Chitnis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05591te55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Munich, 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