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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We conduct a nationwide assessment of U.S. PreK-12 public and private schools\u2019 proximity to known environmental hazard sites tracked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Superfund sites, brownfields, and Toxics Release Inventory facilities. Prior research documents a range of negative health and academic consequences for youth exposed to legacy contaminants and pollution released by these sites. Nearly 10,000 schools (8%), enrolling 3.36 million students and employing 480,000 teachers and staff, are located within a quarter mile (~400 m) of a hazardous site where exposure risk is most acute. Approximately 44% of schools are located within one mile\u2014a distance where negative exposure effects are well documented. Risks are borne disproportionately by Native, Black, Hispanic, and low-income students who are 124%, 86%, 43%, and 40% more likely to attend schools within a quarter mile of a hazardous site. Proximity to multiple hazards and higher-risk sites is also highly inequitable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2609567123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:07:56Z","timestamp":1786464476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["US schools\u2019 proximity to environmental hazard sites: A national analysis"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Sohil","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05gq02987","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Education, Brown University","place":["Providence"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05gq02987","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Education, Brown University","place":["Providence"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0355-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace T.","family":"Falken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05gq02987","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Education, Brown University","place":["Providence"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312241251857"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics Digest of education statistics Table 102.95 (2022). https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d22\/tables\/dt22_102.95.asp?current=yes. 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