{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:59:08Z","timestamp":1790272748197,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UCLA Sprague Fund","award":["BD-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BD-55"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We report on the role of the homeobox gene\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">goosecoid<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gsc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) within an epistatic pathway that mediates body axis formation in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Embryos depleted of \u03b2-catenin form exclusively ventral structures and lack all traces of axial structures. Microinjection of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gsc<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA rescues an entire body axis with head and trunk-tail. This remarkable activity is shared with the homeobox gene\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">siamois<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">sia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and growth factors of the Nodal family. Using a Gsc antisense morpholino, we showed that dorsalization by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                    nodal-related 6 mRNA has a strong requirement for Gsc in \u03b2-catenin depleted embryos. These experiments uncovered a positive feedback loop between Gsc and Nodal that is required downstream of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2-catenin<\/jats:italic>\n                    for the maintenance of dorsal and anterior tissues during gastrulation in endomesoderm. The Gsc-Xnr feedback loop leads to the expression of Spemann organizer genes that antagonize signals from ventral tissues. Similarly, rescue of \u03b2-catenin depletion by murine\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2-catenin<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA also has a requirement for Gsc. Although\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gsc<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a gene conserved throughout the animal kingdom during evolution, its loss-of-function during mouse gastrulation has only very weak phenotypic effects; perhaps the redundancy described here in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                    might be part of the explanation. The functional pathway defined here is self-organizing and robust as required to form a perfect embryo time after time.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2610127123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:59:47Z","timestamp":1790269187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Downstream of \u03b2-catenin: A positive feedback loop between Goosecoid and Nodals in Spemann\u2019s organizer"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0806-1003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yagmur","family":"Azbazdar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046rm7j60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California","place":["Los Angeles"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7843-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward M.","family":"De Robertis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046rm7j60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California","place":["Los Angeles"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90288-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1677215"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90069-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020092"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0055"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"581","volume-title":"Gastrulation: From Cells to Embryo","author":"De Robertis E. 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