{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:37:19Z","timestamp":1788561439483,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006151","name":"DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-FG02-13ER16381 and DE-SC0012704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FG02-13ER16381 and DE-SC0012704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006231","name":"DOE | SC | Brookhaven National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0012704 and DE-SC0012653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0012704 and DE-SC0012653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006231","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017223","name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are important materials for electronics and structural composites, but their production still relies on hydrocarbon-based chemical vapor deposition, an energy-intensive and fossil-dependent process, limited by rapid catalyst deactivation. Using CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    as a carbon feedstock offers a sustainable route for CNT synthesis, yet direct CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    conversion to CNTs is thermodynamically unfavorable and existing CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -to-carbon pathways mainly yield amorphous or weakly graphitized solids. Here, we demonstrate a tandem electrochemical\u2013thermochemical (EC-TC) strategy that overcomes these limitations. CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    is first electrochemically reduced to a tunable mixture of C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CO, which is directly fed into a thermochemical reactor and converted into CNTs with controllable morphology and high CNT-to-metal mass ratios (~200) over NiFe catalysts at 750 \u00b0C. In situ synchrotron-based characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that CO dissociation and C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    decomposition on NiFe alloys cooperatively promote CNT nucleation and sustained growth. This EC-TC strategy establishes a modular route for converting CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    into value-added carbon nanomaterials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2610399123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:06:26Z","timestamp":1785783986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Circumventing thermodynamic limitations in converting carbon dioxide into carbon nanotubes via tandem catalysis"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5155-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ex6cf31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory","place":["Upton"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8183-4258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zixian","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01q1z8k08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook","place":["Stony Brook"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4968-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille I.","family":"Kuwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5606-6728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sooyeon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ex6cf31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory","place":["Upton"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8363-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ex6cf31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory","place":["Upton"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01q1z8k08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook","place":["Stony Brook"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9592-2635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingguang G.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ex6cf31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory","place":["Upton"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222453"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060928"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"MarketsandMarkets Carbon nanotubes market. https:\/\/www.marketsandmarkets.com\/Market-Reports\/carbon-nanotubes-139.html. 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