{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:02:44Z","timestamp":1785420164233,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01NS141451-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01NS141451-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Precision management of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) requires frequent levodopa (L-dopa) dose adjustments, yet current monitoring relies on subjective symptom reporting and infrequent blood testing. Here, we present a soft, fingertip-mounted wearable platform for continuous, noninvasive L-dopa monitoring. By combining osmotically harvested passive sweat with soft hydrogels, a potentiometric sensing strategy, and individualized calibration, the platform estimates blood L-dopa information from sweat without external power or iontophoresis. Strong correlations between sweat and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-measured blood L-dopa concentrations were observed in healthy (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:mn>0.85<\/mml:mn>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) and PD subjects (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:mn>0.88<\/mml:mn>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) following a single immediate-release L-dopa\/carbidopa dose. Low motor symptom scores aligned with peak L-dopa levels, confirming pharmacodynamic relevance. L-dopa cleared faster in PD patients despite similar bioavailability to healthy subjects, while recorded hemodynamic responses showed short hypotensive trends for both groups. Machine learning identified sweat and blood pressure as key contributors toward accurate estimation of blood L-dopa levels (mean absolute error = 2.02 \u00b5M vs. ground truth). Overall, our easy-to-use, energy-efficient wearable supports real-time, stimulation-free monitoring, potentially enabling at-home dosage adjustments and paving the way for future autonomous closed-loop L-dopa therapeutic system development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2610453123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:47:21Z","timestamp":1785181641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A wearable patch for continuous levodopa monitoring in sweat: Towards exertion and power-free pharmacodynamic assessment in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Tamoghna","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego","place":["La Jolla"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Inam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego","place":["La Jolla"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Longardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego","place":["La Jolla"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barak","family":"Sabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego","place":["La Jolla"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5774-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaiwen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego","place":["La Jolla"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo de","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, San Diego","place":["La 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Rijntjes, Knowing your beans in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A critical assessment of current knowledge about different beans and their compounds in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease and in animal models. Parkinson\u2019s Dis. 2019, 1349509 (2019).","journal-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202502138"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00139"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5728-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-012-9439-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199210000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"To restrict or not to restrict? 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Practical considerations for optimizing dietary protein interactions on levodopa absorption in Parkinson\u2019s disease. npj Parkinson\u2019s Dis. 9, 1\u20138 (2023).","journal-title":"npj Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00321-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00078"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00998-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-230372"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00172-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ncn3.152"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-009-0622-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.45.1.97"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effectiveness of different methods for baroreflex sensitivity assessment in determining the severity of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Huang C. C.","year":"2022","unstructured":"C. C. Huang , Effectiveness of different methods for baroreflex sensitivity assessment in determining the severity of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Neurosci. 16, 1\u20138 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. 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