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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Paternal epigenetic inheritance remains mechanistically unresolved. Recent studies propose that environmental exposures induce mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-dependent transcription in sperm during epididymal transit, altering small RNA content and offspring phenotypes. Here, we show that mature murine sperm are effectively devoid of mtDNA, precluding mtDNA-dependent transcription, and that sperm-borne mitochondrial RNAs originate during spermatogenesis. Testicular sperm transmitted diet-induced metabolic traits as efficiently as, and in most cohorts more efficiently than, epididymal sperm. These findings establish testicular inheritance independent of sperm mtDNA transcription and epididymal exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2611096123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:38:23Z","timestamp":1781113103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Testicular origin of epigenetic inheritance independent of sperm mitochondrial DNA and epididymal exposure"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3988-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dk0ce17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University","place":["Pullman"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046rm7j60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center","place":["Torrance"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tzaeb71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Yanagimachi Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. 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