{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:01:34Z","timestamp":1790787694894,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32500271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32500271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024M752481 GZB20240579 YJC20251176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M752481 GZB20240579 YJC20251176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017941","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024HBBHCXA065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024HBBHCXA065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"\u6e56\u5317\u7701\u79d1\u6280\u5385 | Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025AFB132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFB132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Heat stress significantly impacts rice productivity, making understanding of molecular mechanisms crucial for crop improvement. Here, we report a regulatory pathway in rice that integrates a membrane-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase (OsTT3.1), glycogen synthase kinase 2 (OsGSK2), and the heat shock factor B2c (OsHsfB2c) to modulate thermotolerance. We demonstrate that OsGSK2 directly interacts with and phosphorylates OsHsfB2c both in vitro and in vivo, a modification that promotes its nuclear translocation. Functional analyses revealed that mutations in both\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OsGSK2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OsHsfB2c<\/jats:italic>\n                    enhance heat tolerance, while their overexpression reduces thermotolerance. Furthermore, we identified OsTT3.1 as an OsGSK2-interacting protein that promotes OsGSK2 degradation through ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Double mutant analysis (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ostt3.1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">osgsk2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) showed increased heat tolerance compared to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ostt3.1<\/jats:italic>\n                    single mutants, confirming that OsTT3.1 acts upstream of OsGSK2. Transcriptomic profiling of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">oshsfb2c<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants under normal and heat stress conditions uncovers widespread dysregulation of genes involved in primary metabolism and stress defense, indicating that OsHsfB2c functions as a transcriptional repressor of heat-responsive pathways. Our findings establish a sophisticated regulatory cascade where OsTT3.1-mediated degradation of OsGSK2 relieves the phosphorylation of OsHsfB2c, thereby derepressing heat stress responses and enhancing thermotolerance in rice. This \u201cbrake-release\u201d mechanism serves as a critical buffering system that allows rapid attenuation of the OsGSK2\u2013OsHsfB2c repressive module under heat stress, ensuring timely and robust activation of stress responses and optimal metabolic reprogramming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2613911123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:13:32Z","timestamp":1790784812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermosensor OsTT3.1 enhances rice thermotolerance by degrading OsGSK2 to reduce OsHsfB2c phosphorylation and nuclear translocation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2218-1386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033vjfk17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033vjfk17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033vjfk17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033vjfk17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory 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Hou Thermosensor OsTT3.1 enhances rice thermotolerance by degrading OsGSK2 to reduce OsHsfB2c phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. China National Center for Bioinformation Database. https:\/\/ngdc.cncb.ac.cn\/gsa\/browse\/CRA031012. Deposited 9 October 2025."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2613911123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:14:06Z","timestamp":1790784846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2613911123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2613911123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2613911123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2613911123"}}