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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Social evolution made larval honey bees dependent on adult colony members for feeding; they are confined to cells in waxen honeycombs and visited about 100 times per day by adult \u201cnurse\u201d bees. Based on organismal resource conservation theory, we predicted larvae have diminished olfactory capabilities at both the molecular and behavioral levels. Consistent with theory, larvae expressed very low levels of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Orco<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an essential gene for olfactory receptor (OR) function. By contrast, they showed higher expression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ir25a,<\/jats:italic>\n                    essential for other forms of sensory perception including gustation. Also consistent with theory, behavioral assays demonstrated that larvae cannot find food via olfaction, suggesting they use taste for feeding. By contrast, it is known that adult honey bees use OR-based olfaction extensively for a variety of behavioral functions, and the honey bee genome contains many OR-encoding genes. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of social and nonsocial insects suggest that this developmentally regulated suppression of olfactory function is related to social evolution, especially systems of offspring care.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2615678123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:17:56Z","timestamp":1784045876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social evolution and diminished olfactory function in larval honey bees"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Tianfei","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047426m28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Carl R. 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